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Cosmos (plant) - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cosmos

C. bipinnatus wild in Oaxaca, Mexico

C. sulphureus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Asteroideae
Tribe:	Coreopsideae
Genus:	Cosmos Cav.^[1]^[2]
Synonyms^[3]
Cosmea Willd. Adenolepis Less. Cosmos sect. Eucosmos Sherff Cosmus Pers.

Cosmos is a genus, with the same common name of cosmos, consisting of flowering plants in the daisy family.^[4]^[5]

Name

The generic name Cosmos derives either from the Greek κόσμος (cosmos) '(ordered) world' -in reference to the neat, orderly arrangement of the floral structures ^[6] - or the Greek κόσμημα (kósmima) 'jewel' - in reference to the jewel-like colors of the capitula (composite flowers).^[7]

Description

Cosmos are herbaceous perennial plants or annual plants growing 0.3–2 m (1 ft 0 in – 6 ft 7 in) tall. The leaves are simple, pinnate, or bipinnate, and arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers are produced in a capitulum with a ring of broad ray florets and a center of disc florets; flower color varies noticeably between the different species. The genus includes several ornamental plants popular in gardens. Numerous hybrids and cultivars have been selected and named.

Distribution

Cosmos species are native to scrub and meadowland in the Americas, from Colorado and Missouri in the United States, extending south through Mexico (where highest species diversity occurs, with 33 of the 35 species) and Central America to South America as far south as northern Argentina.^[1]

Species

Accepted species: 35 species are accepted by Kew's Plants of the World Online,^[1] with two more listed by the Compositae Working Group.^[3]

Cosmos atrosanguineus (Hook.) Voss
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.
Cosmos carvifolius Benth.
Cosmos caudatus Kunth
Cosmos concolor Sherff
Cosmos crithmifolius Kunth
Cosmos deficiens (Sherff) Melchert
Cosmos diversifolius Otto ex Knowles & Westc.
Cosmos herzogii Sherff (treated by POWO as Bidens herzogii (Sherff) D.J.N.Hind)^[1]
Cosmos intercedens Sherff
Cosmos jaliscensis Sherff
Cosmos juxtlahuacensis Panero & Villaseñor
Cosmos landii Sherff
Cosmos linearifolius (Sch.Bip.) Hemsl.
Cosmos longipetiolatus Melchert
Cosmos mattfeldii Sherff
Cosmos mcvaughii Sherff
Cosmos microcephalus Sherff (unplaced by POWO)^[1]
Cosmos modestus Sherff
Cosmos montanus Sherff
Cosmos nelsonii B.L.Rob. & Fernald
Cosmos nitidus Paray
Cosmos ochroleucoflorus Melchert
Cosmos pacificus Melchert
Cosmos palmeri B.L.Rob.
Cosmos parviflorus (Jacq.) Pers.
Cosmos peucedanifolius Wedd.
Cosmos pringlei B.L.Rob. & Fernald
Cosmos pseudoperfoliatus Art.Castro, Harker & Aarón Rodr.
Cosmos purpureus (DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hemsl.
Cosmos ramirezianus Art.Castro, Harker & Aarón Rodr.
Cosmos scabiosoides Kunth
Cosmos schaffneri Sherff
Cosmos sessilis Sherff
Cosmos sherffii Melchert
Cosmos steenisiae Veldkamp
Cosmos sulphureus Cav.

Naturalization

One species, C. bipinnatus, is naturalized across much of the eastern United States and eastern Canada.^[8] The genus is also widespread over the high eastern plains of South Africa, where it was introduced via contaminated horsefeed during the Anglo-Boer War.^[9]

Gallery

Cosmos scabiosoides in Puebla, Mexico
C. sulphureus
Cosmos parviflorus in Colorado
Kerala
Old house in Japan
Korea
Cosmos atrosanguineus, the chocolate cosmos

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Cosmos Cav". Plants of the World Online. 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2025-05-10.
^ "Genus Cosmos Cav". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1998-09-07. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
^ ^a ^b Compositae Working Group (CWG). "Cosmos Cav." Global Compositae Database. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
^ Cavanilles, Antonio José. 1791. Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum 1(1): 9–10, pl. 14
^ Tropicos, Cosmos Cav.
^ Harvesting History https://harvesting-history.com/cosmos/#:~:text=The%20name%2C%20Cosmos%2C%20comes%20from,arrangement%20of%20the%20plant's%20petals. Retrieved at 23.02 on Saturday 27/7/24.
^ The joy of plants https://www.thejoyofplants.co.uk/cosmos Retrieved at 23.19 on Saturday 27/7/24.
^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
^ Sandys, Celia (2009). Chasing Churchill: The Travels of Winston Churchill. Hachette UK. p. 92. ISBN 978-0786740154. The South African Light Horse, having no baggage train and living largely off the country, were able to range widely across Natal. How widely can be seen from the spread of the beautiful pink cosmos flower, a native of Argentina which was imported into South Africa in the British Army's horse fodder. Just as cairns on the battlefields mark where soldiers fell, so their route is marked by the pink swathes of cosmos. As my children picked bunches of these lovely flowers for me I wondered if the seeds from which they originated had germinated in the belly of my grandfather's horse as he had ridden that way.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cosmos (Asteraceae).

Data related to Cosmos at Wikispecies
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Cosmos
Flora of Bolivia: Cosmos checklist

Taxon identifiers

Cosmos

Wikidata: Q476937
Wikispecies: Cosmos
APDB: 189712
APNI: 82364
BioLib: 41599
CoL: 62NRV
EoL: 59364
EPPO: 1CMSG
FloraBase: 38382
FNA: 108151
FoAO2: Cosmos
FoC: 108151
GBIF: 3098910
GRIN: 2986
iNaturalist: 68563
IPNI: 8410-1
IRMNG: 1102404
ITIS: 37161
NBN: NHMSYS0000457543
NCBI: 41555
NZOR: e4578438-520a-4498-9fb1-26cf7f6d8a91
Open Tree of Life: 591408
PLANTS: COSMO
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:8410-1
Tropicos: 40015099
VASCAN: 1043
WFO: wfo-4000009452
WoRMS: 1076796

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