ὁ
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Ancient Greek
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *ho *hā *tó, from Proto-Indo-European *só *séh₂ *tód. There are many cognates, including Sanskrit स (sá), सा (sā́) तद् (tád), Old Church Slavonic тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to), and Old English sē, sēo, þæt (English the, that).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ho/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /(h)o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /o/
Article
ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)
Usage notes
- The article optionally undergoes crasis with nouns and adjectives that start with a vowel:
- τὸ ὄνομα → τοὔνομα "the name"
- τὰ ἐμά → τᾱ̓μά "my (affairs)"
- τὸ ἐναντίον → τοὐναντίον "on the contrary"
- τὸ αὐτό → ταὐτό "the same"
Pronoun
ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)
- (Epic, demonstrative) that
- (Epic, third person personal pronoun) he, she, it, they
- (relative, Epic, Ionic, poetic Attic) who, which, that
Declension
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὁ ho |
ἡ hē |
τό tó |
τώ tṓ |
τώ tṓ |
τώ tṓ |
οἱ hoi |
αἱ hai |
τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Genitive | τοῦ toû |
τῆς tês |
τοῦ toû |
τοῖν toîn |
τοῖν toîn |
τοῖν toîn |
τῶν tôn |
τῶν tôn |
τῶν tôn | |||||
Dative | τῷ tôi |
τῇ têi |
τῷ tôi |
τοῖν toîn |
τοῖν toîn |
τοῖν toîn |
τοῖς toîs |
ταῖς taîs |
τοῖς toîs | |||||
Accusative | τόν tón |
τήν tḗn |
τό tó |
τώ tṓ |
τώ tṓ |
τώ tṓ |
τούς toús |
τᾱ́ς tā́s |
τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
|
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὁ ho |
ἡ hē |
τό tó |
τώ tṓ |
τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́ |
τώ tṓ |
οἱ / τοί hoi / toí |
αἱ / ταί hai / taí |
τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Genitive | τοῦ / τοῖο toû / toîo |
τῆς tês |
τοῦ / τοῖο toû / toîo |
τοῖιν toîin |
τοῖιν toîin |
τοῖιν toîin |
τῶν tôn |
τῶν / τᾱ́ων tôn / tā́ōn |
τῶν tôn | |||||
Dative | τῷ tôi |
τῇ têi |
τῷ tôi |
τοῖιν toîin |
τοῖιν toîin |
τοῖιν toîin |
τοῖς / τοῖσι / τοῖσιν toîs / toîsi(n) |
τῇς / τῇσι / τῇσιν têis / têisi(n) |
τοῖς / τοῖσι / τοῖσιν toîs / toîsi(n) | |||||
Accusative | τόν tón |
τήν tḗn |
τό tó |
τώ tṓ |
τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́ |
τώ tṓ |
τούς toús |
τᾱ́ς tā́s |
τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
|
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὁ ho |
ᾱ̔ hā |
τό tó |
τώ tṓ |
τᾱ́ tā́ |
τώ tṓ |
τοὶ toì |
ταὶ taì |
τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Genitive | τῶ tô |
τᾶς tâs |
τῶ tô |
τοῖν toîn |
ταῖν taîn |
τοῖν toîn |
τῶν tôn |
τᾶν tân |
τῶν tôn | |||||
Dative | τῷ tôi |
τᾷ tâi |
τῷ tôi |
τοῖν toîn |
ταῖν taîn |
τοῖν toîn |
τοῖς toîs |
ταῖς taîs |
τοῖς toîs | |||||
Accusative | τόν tón |
τᾱ́ν tā́n |
τό tó |
τώ tṓ |
τᾱ́ tā́ |
τώ tṓ |
τώς tṓs |
τᾱ́ς tā́s |
τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
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Descendants
See also
References
- “ὁ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ὁ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ὁ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- G3588 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920) “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 332
- William W. Goodwin, A Greek Grammar. Revised and enlarged, Boston, 1900, p.81f.
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
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