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けり
Japanese
Etymology 1
⟨ki1 ari⟩ → ⟨ke1ri⟩ → */kʲeri/ → /keri/
From Old Japanese けり (ke1ri).
Contraction of 来 (ki, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 来 (ku), modern 来る (kuru), “to come”) + あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki, the Old Japanese and classical Japanese verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) + あり (ari, “to be”).[1][2][3]
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki) as a possible root,[1][2][3] this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 来 (ki) derivation seems more likely.
The “ending” sense is an extension of the first suffix sense because it is often used at the end of a poem.[2][3]
Pronunciation
Suffix
- (Classical Japanese) indicating past tense: -ed
- c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
- 今は昔竹取の翁といふものありけり
- ima wa mukashi taketori no okina to iu mono arikeri
- Long ago there was an old man who cut bamboo.
- 今は昔竹取の翁といふものありけり
- c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
- (Classical Japanese) indicating the speaker has just realized something
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 2, poem 90)
- ふるさととなりにし奈良の都にも色はかはらず花は咲きけり
- furusato to narinishi Nara no miyako ni mo iro wa kawarazu hana wa sakikeri
- Even in the capital of Nara, now an older town, the flowers bloomed just as colorfully, didn't they.
- ふるさととなりにし奈良の都にも色はかはらず花は咲きけり
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 2, poem 90)
Conjugation
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | けら | kera | ||
| Continuative (連用形) | けり | keri | ||
| Terminal (終止形) | けり | keri | ||
| Attributive (連体形) | ける | keru | ||
| Realis (已然形) | けれ | kere | ||
| Imperative (命令形) | けれ | kere | ||
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | けらず | kerazu | ||
| Contrasting conjunction | けれど | keredo | ||
| Causal conjunction | ければ | kereba | ||
| Conditional conjunction | けらば | keraba | ||
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | けりき | keriki | ||
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | けりけり | kerikeri | ||
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | けりつ | keritu | ||
| Perfect tense (natural event) | けりぬ | kerinu | ||
| Perfect-continuative tense | けりたり[1] | keritari | ||
| Volitional | けらむ | keramu | ||
| [1]Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり. | ||||
Usage notes
- Follows the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of inflectable words.
- The first sense is mostly used when the speaker was not a witness, but was rather told about the event described, as opposed to き (-ki). But, it can also be used to describe direct experiences.
- The second sense is most notably used at the end of a poem to denote an exclamatory tone.
- This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
Derived terms
Idioms
- 色男金と力は無かりけり (iro otoko kane to chikara wa nakarikeri)
Noun
- an ending, conclusion
Idioms
- けりを付ける (keri o tsukeru)
Etymology 2
Unknown. Possibly metonymy from 蹴り (keri, “kicking; kicker”) from the verb 蹴る (keru, “to kick”). Compare English kicks.
Appears to be specific to northern Honshū.
Pronunciation
Noun
Further reading
- Sample of Tsugaru dialect - kuroishi kankou kyoukai (in Japanese)
Etymology 3
Readings of various kanji.
Noun
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Old Japanese
Etymology 1
Contraction of 來 (ki1, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku), “to come”) + あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki1, verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) + あり (ari, “to be”).[1][2][3]
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki1) as a possible root,[1][2][3] this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 來 (ki1) derivation seems more likely.
Suffix
けり (-ke1ri)
- auxiliary verb indicating past tense: -ed
- 711–712, Kojiki, middle volume (Empress Jingū; poem 40):
- 許能美岐袁迦美祁牟比登波曾能都豆美宇須邇多弖弖宇多比都都迦美祁禮迦母麻比都都迦美祁禮加母許能美岐能美岐能阿夜邇宇多陀怒斯佐佐
- ko2no2 mi1-ki1 wo kami1ke1mu pi1to2 pa so2no2 tudumi1 usu ni tatete utapi1tutu kami1ke1re ka mo2 mapi1tutu kami1ke1re ka mo2 ko2no2 mi1-ki1 no2 mi1-ki1 no2 aya ni uta-dano1si sasa
- The man who brewed this fine sake surely used his great drum for a brewing vessel. Did he sing and sing while it brewed? Did he dance and dance while it brewed? For this fine sake, fine sake, makes us all quite merry! Good fortune![4]
- auxiliary verb indicating that the speaker has just realized something
- 711–712, Kojiki, upper volume (Yamasachihiko and Umisachihiko; poem 7):
- 阿加陀麻波袁佐閇比迦禮杼斯良多麻能岐美何余曾比斯多布斗久阿理祁理
- akadama pa wo sape2 pi1karedo2 siratama no2 ki1mi1 ga yo2so2pi1si taputo1ku arike1ri
- Red jewels impart their gleam even to the cord that binds them; but your adornment, radiant as white jewels, is truly awesome.[5]
- auxiliary verb indicating that the speaker already realized something and points out a rationale: that's why it was...
-
- 嘆管大夫之戀禮許曾吾髮結乃漬而奴禮計禮
- nage2ki1tutu masurawo no2 ko1 no2 ko1pure ko2so2 waga yupi1kami1 no2 pi1tite nureke1re
- It is precisely because a distinguished man like you longs for me that my hair is drenched and come undone.[6]
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- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Usage notes
- Follows the 連用形 (ren’yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of inflectable words.
Conjugation
Derived terms
- なりけり (narike1ri)
Descendants
- Japanese: けり (-keri)
Etymology 2
⟨ki1 ari⟩ → ⟨ke1ri⟩
Verb
けり (ke1ri)
Conjugation
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | けら | kera | ||
| Continuative (連用形) | けり | keri | ||
| Terminal (終止形) | けり | keri | ||
| Attributive (連体形) | ける | keru | ||
| Realis (已然形) | けれ | kere | ||
| Imperative (命令形) | けれ | kere | ||
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | けらず | kerazu | ||
| Contrasting conjunction | けれど | keredo | ||
| Causal conjunction | ければ | kereba | ||
| Conditional conjunction | けらば | keraba | ||
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | けりき | keriki | ||
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | けりけり | kerikeri | ||
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | けりつ | keritu | ||
| Perfect tense (natural event) | けりぬ | kerinu | ||
| Perfect-continuative tense | けりたり[1] | keritari | ||
| Volitional | けらむ | keramu | ||
| [1]Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり. | ||||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Jin'ichi Konishi (2017) Nicholas Teele, transl., Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 151
- ^ Clifton Wilson Royston (1974) The poetic and poetry criticism of Fujiwara Shunzei (1114-1204), University of Michigan, page 491
- ^ Gananath Obeyesekere (1998) Alf Hiltebeitel, Barbara D. Miller, editors, Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures, illustrated edition, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 95
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