-um-
Esperanto
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Suffix
-um-
- related in an unspecified way. A lexical suffix with no fixed meaning or part of speech.[1]
- brako (“arm”) + -um- → brakumi (“to hug”)
- dekstra (“right”) + -um- → dekstruma (“clockwise”)
- komuna (“common”) + -um- → komunumo (“community”)
- mondo (“world”) + -um- → mondumo (“high society”)
- proksima (“near”) + -um- → proksimume (“approximately”)
- kruco (“cross”) + -um- → krucumi (“to crucify”)
- kolo (“neck”) + -um- → kolumo (“collar”)
Usage notes
Because meanings of words derived with this suffix cannot be predicted, each derivation requires a separate dictionary entry. The part of speech is specific to each coining, and not inherent in either the suffix or the stem to which it is attached.
Among other uses:
- With body parts, -um- may signify a related piece of clothing: kolumo, manumo, plandumo, nazumo, hufumo. Or it may signify an action using that body part: brakumi, palpebrumi, okulumi.
- With things used to kill people, -um- may signify a method of execution: gasumi, ŝtonumi, krucumi.
- With numbers, -um- may signify a numeric base: duuma, okuma, dekuma.
- With things enjoyed at leisure, -um- may signify a leisure activity: butikumi, fumumi, bierumi, esperantumi.
This suffix should be used with care when wanting to create new words, because they would likely not be understood by most speakers because of its unpredictable meaning.
Derived terms
References
Hiligaynon
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.
Infix
-um-
- an agent trigger infix
Ido
Etymology
Suffix
-um-
- suffix to be used only in specific cases where the meaning is also specified
Usage notes
The suffix -um- has an indeterminate meaning. The derivations of this suffix is only made by the Language Committee of Ido. It forms derivation, of which the meaning has an indefinite relation with the idea expressed by the prime root. The link which remain between them helps with the memorization, but, when one doesn't know the meaning of the derivation, only the lexicon can surely provide it.[1] There exists only a total of 30 words with this suffix in Ido.
Derived terms
References
- ^ “KGD”, in Kompleta gramatiko detaloza[1] (in Ido), 2015 December 23 (last accessed), archived from the original on 27 January 2012
Nias
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.
Infix
-um-
- intransitive verb affix
- (southern) inflectional affix marking irrealis mood with transitive verbs
Old Javanese
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.
Infix
-um-
- active verb
Synonyms
Derived terms
Tagalog
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.
Pronunciation
- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /um/ [ʊm]
- Syllabification: -um-
Infix
-um- (Baybayin spelling ᜓᜋ᜔)
- actor trigger: to do something
- Kumain ako.
- I ate. (I is focused.)
- no trigger: expresses natural phenomena
- Lumindol kanina.
- An earthquake occurred a while ago. (Nothing is focused.)
- actor trigger: to become or get
- Parang pumayat si Gloria.
- It looks like Gloria got thinner. (Gloria is focused.)
- actor trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
- Kumakain-kain ako pag wala akong magagawa.
- I eat a little bit when I have nothing to do. (I is focused.)
Usage notes
- The affix mag- is usually used for verbs which involve an exterior object, whereas um- is used for verbs which don't.
- Nagtanong ako sa guro. ― I asked the teacher.
- Umalis na ako. ― I already left.
- Mag- is also used for deliberate actions, while um- can be used for involuntary actions.
- Lumalaki ang bata. ― The child grew.
- Some words can also change meaning if either one of them is used.
- In ancient times, the affix had a variant -im- when the first vowel is an /i/. The variant is no longer used in modern Tagalog.
- Tagalog also used to have a separate infix -ungm- (and variant -ingm- before /i/) for the complete aspect and progressive aspects in the active trigger. The affixes fallen out of use in modern Tagalog in favor of -um-, which only served before as the infinitive form of the active trigger.
Related terms
See also
- Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation
- Esperanto terms with audio links
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto suffixes
- Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro
- Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto
- Esperanto BRO1
- Hiligaynon terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Hiligaynon terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Hiligaynon terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Hiligaynon terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Hiligaynon lemmas
- Hiligaynon infixes
- Ido terms derived from Esperanto
- Ido lemmas
- Ido suffixes
- Nias terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Nias terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Nias terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Nias terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Nias lemmas
- Nias infixes
- Old Javanese terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Old Javanese terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Old Javanese terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Old Javanese terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Old Javanese lemmas
- Old Javanese infixes
- Tagalog terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Tagalog terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Tagalog terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Tagalog terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Tagalog 1-syllable words
- Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation
- Tagalog lemmas
- Tagalog infixes
- Tagalog terms with Baybayin script
- Tagalog terms with usage examples