Wiktionary:About Franco-Provençal
Writing systems
Semi-phonetic orthography devised by the Bureau régional pour l'ethnologie et la linguistique.
Sources
Semi-phonetic orthography devised by the Groupe de Conflans.[note 1]
The so-called Orthographe de référence B devised by Dominique Stich as a written standard for Francoprovençal. This is used for lemmatization on Wiktionary for want of another option.
The lemmas on Wiktionary sometimes correspond to alternative forms in Stich. This is because the emphasis here has been placed lemmatizing whichever ORB spellings represents the best compromise between the various regional types, whereas the emphasis in Stich is on lemmatizing whichever spelling best represents the single most common regional type. For instance, the lexeme meaning “tree”, which shows the regional types [-rb(V)r-], [-br-], and [-rb-], has been lemmatized here as ârbro and in Stich as âbro.
Sources
- Stich 2001
- Stich 2003
- ORB 4.9.18 (latest update)
Phonetic transcriptions
Francoprovençal pronunciations on Wiktionary are given in phonetic form, not phonemic. Due to the language's high degree of regional variation, it is inadvisable to add any phonemic transcription without first determining the specific phonology of the (micro-)dialect in question.
All transcriptions are either taken from a linguistic atlas or carefully made by an editor on the basis of a cited audio recording. Most of the atlases use pre-modern phonetic notations, an overview of which is provided below.
Rousselot–Gilliéron notation
Devised in 1887 by Jean-Pierre Rousselot and Jules Gilliéron. Its use in the monumental Atlas linguistique de la France made it the predominant notation in French dialectology for most of the twentieth century.
Vowels
The “core” vowels are ⟨i u e œ a ė o ꭒ⟩, which stand for [i̞ y̞ e̞ œ̞ ä ə o̞ u̞] respectively. These form the basis for all other vowel notations.
Quality
- ◌̀ indicates a relatively open vowel; ◌́ a relatively close vowel.
- Example: ⟨è⟩ stands for [ɛ], the vowel one degree lower than ⟨e⟩ [e̞].
- Exceptions: ⟨à⟩ and ⟨á⟩ stand for [a] and [ɑ] respectively (not *[ä̞], *[ä̝]).
- Vowel superpositions indicate intermediate qualities.
- Example: ⟨eͥ⟩ stands for [e̝], the vowel between ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.[note 2]
- ◌̇ indicates mid-centralization (only in the TPh).
- NB: since ⟨ė⟩ is reserved for schwa, the mid-centralized counterpart to ⟨e⟩ is instead written ⟨ë⟩.
Other properties
- ◌̆ indicates relatively a short duration; ◌̄ a relatively long duration.
- Example: ⟨ū́⟩ stands for [yː].
- Duration is rarely specified for ⟨ė⟩ (schwa) and never for weakly articulated vowels.
- ◌̃ indicates nasalization.
- Example: ⟨è̃⟩ stands for [ɛ̃].
- A somewhat wavier tilde, for which there is no unicode symbol, indicates partial nasalization.[note 3]
- Subscript is used to indicate weak articulation.
- Example: ⟨ₑ̇⟩ stands for [ə͉].
- ◌̩ indicates stress.
- Example ⟨á̩⟩ stands for [ˈɑ] or [ˌɑ].
- It is commonly omitted in oxytones, i.e. where French speakers would naturally expect it.
Differences in transcription style
- Shows a strong bias towards the “classical” French vowels ⟨é è á à ò ó⟩. Intermediate or indeterminate ⟨e a o⟩ are uncommon, except in the context of weak articulation.
- Shows a strong tendency to mark vowels as either short or long, leaving few with intermediate or indeterminate duration.
- Shows much the same bias towards “classical” French vowels as the ALF.
- Vowel duration is rarely marked.
- The top two vowel heights are not distinguished: ⟨í⟩ is transcribed as ⟨i⟩, etc.[note 4]
Sources
- ALF: Notice servant à l'intelligence des cartes, page 18
- ALLy: volume IV pages 59–60
- TPh: pages VII–X and 1
Regional groupings
Faute de mieux, a series of arbitrary groupings has been adapted here from Stich 2003.
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
- TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Neuchâtel.
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Vaud.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the Vaud.
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Fribourg.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- DFF: orthographic forms and recordings from the following locations:
- TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Fribourg.
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Valais.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALV: phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following locations:
- APV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- DFF: orthographic forms and recordings from the following location:
- TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Valais.
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Aosta Valley.
Sources
- AIS: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- APV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- PVA: orthographic forms and recordings from the following locations:
- Allein, Antey-St-André, Aosta, Arnad, Arvier, Avise, Ayas, Aymavilles, Bard, Bionaz, Brissogne, Brusson, Challand-St-Anselme, Challand-St-Victor, Chambave, Chamois, Champdepraz, Champorcher, Charvensod, Châtillon, Cogne, Courmayeur, Donnas, Doues, Émarèse, Étroubles, Fénis, Fontainemore, Gaby, Gignod, Gressan, Hône, Introd, Issogne, Jovençan, La Magdeleine, La Salle, La Thuile, Lillianes, Montjovet, Morgex, Nus, Ollomont, Oyace, Perloz, Pollein, Pontboset, Pontey, Pont-St-Martin, Pré-St-Didier, Quart, Rhêmes-St-Georges, Roisan, St-Christophe, St-Denis, St-Marcel, St-Nicolas, St-Oyen, St-Pierre, St-Rhémy-en-Bosses, St-Vincent, Sarre, Torgnon, Valgrisenche, Valpelline, Valsavarenche, Valtournenche, Verrayes, Verrès, Villeneuve
- VIV: phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Piedmont.
Sources
- AIS: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALP: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- DGL: orthographic forms from the following location:
- VFC: orthographic forms from the following location:
- VIV: phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following locations:
Apulien
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Apulia.
Sources
- AIS: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
- VIV: phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following location:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the French departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- APV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- LPT: orthographic forms from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Chambéry.
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Geneva.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
- TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the former French province of Franche-Comté.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Bugey.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- DFF: orthographic forms and recordings from the following location:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the French province of Dauphiné.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Grenoble.
Sources
Dombiste
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Dombes.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
- ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Bresse.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- DFF: orthographic forms and recordings from the following locations:
- Attignat, Boissey, Condal, Cras, Curciat, Coligny, Confrançon, Domsure, La Genête, Lescheroux, Mantenay-Montlin, Montrevel, Marsonnas, Pirajoux, Polliat, St-Cyr, St-Jean-sur-Reyssouze, St-Martin-le-Châtel, St-Rémy, St-Trivier, Romenay, St-Étienne, Ste-Croix-en-Bresse, Savigny, Vandeins, Varennes, Viriat
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Bresse.
Sources
Mâconnais
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the French arrondissement of Mâcon.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
- ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Beaujolais.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- DPB: orthographic transcriptions from the following location:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Beaujolais.
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the French province of Lyonnais.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Lyon.
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Forez.
Sources
- ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
- Arcon, Arthun, Coutouvre, Essertines, Jas, La Valla, Poncins, Roisey, Sail-les-Bains, St-Bonnet-des-Quarts, St-Bonnet-les-Oules, St-Denis-de-Cabane, Ste-Colombe, Ste-Croix-en-Jarez, St-Georges, St-Jodard, St-Marcel-d'Urfé, St-Maurice-sur-Loire , Sury
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from region of Forez.
Sources
Bibliography
AIS
Citation
Jaberg, Karl & Jud, Jakob. 1928‒40. Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz. Zofingen: Ringier.
Dates of fieldwork
1919‒28
Phonetic notation
- Böhmer‒Ascoli
Online access
- <https://navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it> for the original maps
- <https://www.ais-reloaded.uzh.ch> for a modernized version
ALF
Citation
Gilliéron, Jules & Edmont, Edmond. 1902‒10. Atlas linguistique de la France. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
Dates of fieldwork
1897‒1901
Phonetic notation
Online access
- <http://lig-tdcge.imag.fr/steamer/eclats/cartesALF/TIFF> for all of the maps (as individual files)
- <https://archive.org/details/atlaslinguistnot00gilluoft> for the Notice servant à l'intelligence des cartes
ALLy
Bibliographic information
Gardette, Pierre. 1950‒76. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Lyonnais. Paris: Éditions du Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique.
Dates of fieldwork
1945‒8
Phonetic notation
Online access
- <https://www.ortolang.fr/market/corpora/ally?path=%2FAlly%2Fcartes> for all of the maps (as individual files)
ALP
(shortened from ALEPO)
Citation
Vv.Aa. 2003‒. Atlante Linguistico ed Etnografico del Piemonte Occidentale - ALEPO.
Dates of fieldwork
1980‒91
Phonetic notation
IPA
Online access
- <https://www.alepo.unito.it/il-progetto/i-risultati-pubblicazioni/pubblicazioni-dellalepo> for volume V
ALV
(shortened from ALAVAL)
Citation
Diémoz, Federica & Kristol, Andres (eds). 2019. Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du francoprovençal valaisan. Neuchâtel: University of Neuchâtel.
Dates of fieldwork
1994‒2001
Phonetic notation
IPA
Online access
APV
Citation
Fave, Saverio & Raimondi, Gianmario (eds.) 2020. Atlas des patois valdôtains. APV/1 – Le lait et les activités laitières. Arvier: Le Château.
Dates of fieldwork
1973‒2001
Phonetic notation
IPA
Online access
DFF
Citation
University of Montréal. Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal. <https://dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca>
Writing system
- ORB
- Graphie de Conflans for the Bressan varieties
- Other semi-phonetic orthographies for the Fribourgeois and Valaisan varieties
DFP
Citation
Kolly, Albert & Monnard, Jean-Marie & Thorimbert, Jean-Louis. 2013. Dictionnaire français-patois. Société cantonale des patoisants fribourgeois.
Online access
<https://apps.apple.com/za/app/dikchen%C3%A9ro/id710440993> for a free application featuring much of its content
DGL
Citation
Vv.Aa. 2011. Dizionario Giaglionese. Borgone: Edizione del Graffio.
Writing system
An esoteric semi-phonetic orthography.[note 6]
Online access
DLG
Citation
University of Zurich. Documents linguistiques galloromans. <https://www.rose.uzh.ch/docling/>
DPB
Citation
Comby, Auguste. 1994. Dictionnaire du patois de Belleroche (Loire). Dijon: Association bourguinonne de Dialectologie et d'Onomastique / Institut Pierre Gardette.
Writing system
DSV
Citation
Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph. 1902. Dictionnaire savoyard. Paris: Librairie Émile Bouillon / Annecy : Imprimerie Abry.
Writing system
Esoteric; see pages XXV–XLII.
Online access
GPSR
Bibliographical information
Gauchet, Louis & Jeanjaquet, Jules & Tappolet, Ernest. 1924‒33. Glossaire des patois de la Suisse romande. Neuchâtel: Attinger.
Online access
<https://www.unine.ch/isla/en/home/presentation/gpsr.html>
LPT
Citation
Célestin, Duch. Béjean, Henri. 1998. Le patois de Tignes (Savoie). Grenoble: ELLUG.
Writing system
MHN
Citation
Matile, George-Auguste. 1844–8. Monuments de l'histoire de Neuchâtel. 2 vols. Neuchâtel: Attinger.
Online access
PhL
Citation
Philipon, Édouard. 1884. “Phonétique lyonnaise au XIVe siècle”. Romania. 13: 542–90.
Online access
<https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1884_num_13_52_6326>
PVA
Citation
Autonomous region of Aosta Valley. PatoisVdA. <https://www.patoisvda.org/>
Writing system
SSV
Citation
Vv.Aa. Mémoires et documents. Chambéry: Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie.
Online access
Stich 2001
Citation
Stich, Dominique. 2001. Francoprovençal: Proposition d'une orthographe supra-dialectale standardisée. Thesis. University of Paris.
Writing system
Online access
<http://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/These_Stich_2001.pdf>
Stich 2003
Citation
Stich, Dominique. 2003. Dictionnaire francoprovençal/français, français/francoprovençal: Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal: Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée. Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré.
Writing system
TPh
Citation
Gauchet, Louis & Jeanjaquet, Jules & Tappolet, Ernest. 1925. Tableaux phonétiques des patois suisses romands: relevés comparatifs d’environ 500 mots dans 62 patois-types. Neuchâtel: Attinger.
Dates of fieldwork
1904‒7
Phonetic notation
Online access
- <https://www.patoisneuchatelois.net/patoisneuchatelois.net/Bibliografia.html> for the original
- <https://tppsr.clld.org> for a modernized version
VFC
Citation
Genta, Diego Toumazìna & Santacroce, Claudio. 2013. Vocabolario del patois francoprovenzale di Ceres (Valli di Lanzo). Turin: Il Punto.
Writing system
VIV
(shortened from VIVALDI)
Citation
Kattenbusch, Dieter et al. (1998‒), Vivaio acustico delle lingue e dei dialetti d’Italia. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Romanistik.
Dates of fieldwork
1992‒present
Phonetic notation
- Böhmer‒Ascoli
Online access
Notes
- ^ See here for an overview.
- ^ More precisely, the vowel between ⟨é⟩ and ⟨ì⟩. Grave and acute accents are frequently omitted from superpositions.
- ^ In IPA this can be represented as ⁽◌̃⁾.
- ^ Due to this ambiguity, the TPh's ⟨i u ꭒ⟩ are transcribed on Wiktionary as [i y u], as opposed to the [i̞ y̞ u̞] used to transcribe the same symbols in the ALF and ALLy. (See the table above.)
- ^ The DFF places the local parler bugiste under “bressan” for convenience.
- ^ An overview is available here.