¡Ay, Carmela!
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Carlos Saura
Written by	Rafael Azcona Carlos Saura
Based on	¡Ay, Carmela! by José Sanchis Sinisterra
Starring	Carmen Maura Andrés Pajares Gabino Diego
Cinematography	José Luis Alcaine
Edited by	Pablo González del Amo
Music by	Alejandro Massó
Distributed by	Prestige Films
Release date	1990 (1990)
Running time	102 minutes
Country	Spain
Language	Spanish

¡Ay, Carmela! is a 1990 Spanish comedy-drama film directed by Carlos Saura and based on the eponymous play by José Sanchís Sinisterra. The film stars Carmen Maura, Andrés Pajares, and Gabino Diego as travelling players performing for the Republic, who inadvertently find themselves on the nationalist side during the closing months of the Spanish Civil War. The film was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 63rd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.^[1]

Carmela, Paulino, and Gustavete (who is mute) are vaudeville performers, touring Spain during the Spanish Civil War. In 1938, in the town of Montejo, they give a show to republican troops. During the performance, nationalist planes drone overhead but no one leaves the theatre. Carmela sings and dances, Paulino reads a poem by Antonio Machado (which reflects Republican patriotic fervour) and plays a tune with his farts. The final act is a 'tableau vivant' in which Carmela represents justice while Paulino brandishes the republican flag and they sing a song of freedom.

To escape the dangers of the front line, the trio decide to go to Valencia. Carmela distracts a republican truck driver by allowing him to paw her, while Paulino and Gustavete steal the fuel. However the night is misty and they stray into Nationalist territory. When a Nationalist officer finds the republican flag in their props, they are arrested and taken to the local school, which serves as a prison for republican sympathisers. Carmela befriends a Polish member of the International Brigade. She is amazed that he has come to fight in a foreign land whose name he cannot even pronounce.

After some of the prisoners are taken away to be shot, Carmela, Paulino and Gustavete are driven away in an army car. They are convinced they will also be shot, but instead they are taken to the local theatre. An Italian officer, Lieutenant Amelio di Ripamonte, wants them to appear in a show to entertain the nationalist troops. They must stage a burlesque of the Republic in exchange for their freedom.

Paulino starts rewriting their old script to make their numbers anti-republican. Carmela refuses to go along with it, unwilling to betray her convictions as an anti-fascist, but Paulino persuades her they have no choice, since their lives are at stake.

On the day of the show Carmela has her period and Paulino has an upset stomach from eating a rabbit, which Gustavete, writing on his slate, confirms was a cat. Carmela is greatly upset to see the Polish prisoners in the audience, brought in to witness a mockery of their ideals. Structurally the show is similar to their old one. Musical numbers are followed by a poem, now read by the lieutenant. The third act is a comic sketch, ‘The Republic goes to the Doctor’. Paulino plays a gay republican doctor who is visited by a female patient, the Spanish Republic, played by Carmela. She claims she has been made pregnant by a Russian lover, played by Gustavete. In a number that exploits all the sexual innuendos the audience cares to imagine, Carmela invites the doctor to insert his thermometer in her. He refuses, making the excuse that it is broken.

Carmela is deeply distressed at being forced to betray the Republic in front of the Polish soldiers. Her frustration seethes to the surface, jeopardizing the credibility of the parody. The sketch disintegrates as the Polish soldiers rise in rebellion in the galleries and the Fascists become infuriated. Carmela starts singing 'Ay Carmela' and lowers the republican flag to expose her breasts in defiance of the earlier cries of 'Whore!' from the audience. A nationalist officer rises from the stalls, raises a pistol and shoots Carmela in the forehead. Gustavete suddenly recovers his voice, calling out in anguish, but Carmela falls to the floor dead.

The next scene shows Paulino and Gustavete visiting Carmela's rudimentary grave, which they decorate with flowers and the Gustavete chalk board, no longer needed now he has recovered his voice. The only words here are spoken by Gustavete – "Come on, Paulino" – as he leads him away. The two men take to the road again and the song "¡Ay Carmela!" rises in the background.

• Carmen Maura as Carmela
• Andrés Pajares as Paulino
• Gabino Diego as Gustavete
• Mauricio De Razza as Lieutenant Ripamonte
• José Sancho as Captain

Principal photography began from 26 September 1989 to 25 November 1989. ^[2] Made in 1990, ¡Ay Carmela! was director Carlos Saura’s twenty-third, feature-length film. In Saura's earlier films, allusions to the war and to its consequences were characterized by violence and brutality, and if there was any humour at all it was grim and ironic. Of ¡Ay Carmela! he said, "I would have been incapable a few years ago of treating our war with humour… but now it is different, for sufficient time has passed to adopt a broader perspective, and here there is no doubt that by employing humour it is possible to say things that it would be more difficult, if not impossible, to say in another way".^[3]

The film is based on the play of the same name by the Valencian dramatist, José Sanchís Sinisterra.^[3] The play was a success in Spain and was translated to English and staged in London.^[4] The play focuses entirely on the two principal characters, Carmela and Paulino, and tells their story largely in flashback.^[3] When it begins, Paulino is alone and depressed, for Carmela is already dead, the victim of a fascist bullet at their last performance as variety artist. In the first part of the play Carmela returns as a ghost to converse with Paulino, blaming him for all that has happened, and in the second part evokes in detail the fatal performance. The play contains only two characters and a single setting.^[5] Saura adapted the play with the help of scriptwriter Rafael Azcona, who had worked with him many times before but with whom he had broken in 1975 before making Cria Cuervos.^[4]

Saura opened up the story and presented it not in flashback but in a linear manner.^[5] This allowed him to follow the journey of Carmela and Paulino during the two days in which they travel from Republican to Nationalist territory, performing their act in both camps. It also allowed much more scope for the relationship and the characters of Carmela and Paulino to evolve and in relation to the events in which they find themselves caught up.^[5] It also enabled Saura to depict other characters and locations mentioned in the play, in particular Gustavete, the travelling companion of Carmela and Paulino, and the Italian officer and theatre director, Lieutenant Amelio di Ripamonte.^[5] The town where the action occurs and the theatre in which the final third of the film is located are also depicted.^[5] Some artistic resonance evoke memories of Ernst Lubitsch's 1942 comedy To Be or Not to Be.^[6]

The film takes its title from the song "Ay Carmela", which begins and ends the film. Originally a song from the War of Independence against Napoleon, it had been adapted and became the favourite song of the Republican soldiers and of the International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War.^[4]

¡Ay Carmela! is available in Region 2 DVD in Spanish with English and French subtitles.

Winner of the 1990 Goya Awards for:

• Best Film
• Best Director: Carlos Saura
• Best Actor: Andrés Pajares
• Best Actress: Carmen Maura
• Best Adapted Screenplay: Carlos Saura, Rafael Azcona
• Best Supporting Actor: Gabino Diego
• Best Editing: Pablo González del Amo
• Best Sound: Gilles Ortion, Alfonso Pino
• Best Costume Design: Rafael Palmero, Mercedes Sánchez
• Best Make-Up: José Antonio Sánchez, Paquita Núñez
• Best Production Design: Rafael Palmero
• Best Production Supervision: Víctor Albarrán
• Best Special Effects: Reyes Abades

• List of submissions to the 63rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
• List of Spanish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

• Edwards, Gwynne, Indecent Exposures, PMarion Boyars, 1995, ISBN 0-7145-2984-2
• Schwartz, Ronald, The Great Spanish Films: 1950 - 1990, Scarecrow Press, London, 1991, ISBN 0-8108-2488-4

• ¡Ay Carmela! at IMDb
• ¡Ay Carmela! in Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Film. Eds. Alex Pinar and Salvador Jimenez Murguia. Rowman & Littlefield, 2018
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFZLwsA-Si8