2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak

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2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak - Wikipedia

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2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak
The Yap Islands in the Pacific Ocean, with a land area of 100.2 square kilometres (38.7 sq mi) and a population of 6,300 (in 2003)

The 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak represented the first time Zika virus had been detected outside Africa and Asia. It occurred in the Yap Islands, an island chain in the Federated States of Micronesia. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a vector-borne flavivirus in the same family as yellow fever, dengue, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses.^[1]^[2]

Epidemiology

In 2007, physicians in the Yap Islands reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention an outbreak of an illness characterized by rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. Initial serum testing revealed some patients had the IgM antibody against dengue virus, yet the patients' signs and symptoms were clinically distinct from dengue fever. Subsequent retesting using consensus primers detected the presence of Zika virus RNA.^[3]

A household survey was conducted to determine the proportion of Yap residents with the IgM antibody against Zika virus and to identify possible mosquito vectors of Zika virus. In total, the Yap Islands outbreak had 49 confirmed and 59 probable cases of Zika virus disease. The patients resided in 9 of the 10 municipalities on Yap. None of the patients required hospitalization. No hemorrhagic manifestations occurred and no deaths resulted. It was estimated that 73% (95% confidence interval, 68 to 77) of Yap residents 3 years of age or older had been recently infected with Zika virus. Aedes hensilli was the predominant mosquito species identified.^[3]

The outbreak of Zika fever in Micronesia demonstrated the transmission of Zika virus outside Africa and Asia. This was considered a significant finding in that previously only 14 cases of Zika virus had been documented since the virus was first identified in 1947. Prior to the Yap Islands outbreak, no previous outbreaks of Zika virus had ever been reported and only 14 cases had been documented since the virus was first isolated in 1947. All previous cases had occurred within Africa and Asia.^[3]^[2]

Reservoir

Aedes aegypti has been recognized as the vector of Zika virus. The virus was first isolated in 1947 from a sentinel rhesus monkey stationed on a tree platform in the Zika forest, Uganda.^[4]^[2]

Transmission

Transmission is typically via the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, although in this outbreak, Aedes hensilli was the predominant mosquito species identified.^[3]^[5]

References

^ Hayes, Edward B. (September 2009). "Zika virus outside Africa". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 15 (9): 1347–1350. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442. ISSN 1080-6059. PMC 2819875. PMID 19788800.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sikka, Veronica; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Popli, Raaj K.; et al. (11 February 2016). "The emergence of zika virus as a global health security threat: A review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint working Group (JWG)". Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 8 (1): 3–15. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.176140. ISSN 0974-8245. PMC 4785754. PMID 27013839.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Duffy, Mark R.; Chen, Tai-Ho; Hancock, W. Thane; et al. (11 June 2009). "Zika virus outbreak on Yap Islands, Federated States of Micronesia". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (24): 2536–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805715. PMID 19516034.
^ Corbet, Philip S. (February 1964). "Observations on Mosquitoes Ovipositing in Small Containers in Zika Forest, Uganda". Journal of Animal Ecology. 33 (1): 141–164. Bibcode:1964JAnEc..33..141C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.568.967. doi:10.2307/2354. JSTOR 2354.
^ Sempala, S.D.K. (March 1983). "Seasonal population dynamics of the immature stages of Aedes africanus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Zika Forest, Uganda". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 73 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1017/S0007485300013742. Retrieved 14 July 2013.

External links

Flaviviridae Genomes database search results from the Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center
Viralzone: Flaviviridae
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Flaviviridae
Consensus primers

Zoonotic viral diseases (A80–B34, 042–079)

Arthropod
-borne

Mosquito
-borne

Bunyavirales	Arbovirus encephalitides: Batai virus BATV Bwamba Fever BWAV California encephalitis CEV Jamestown Canyon encephalitis La Crosse encephalitis LACV Tahyna virus TAHV Tete virus Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Bunyamwera fever BUNV Ngari virus NRIV Rift Valley fever RVFV
Flaviviridae	Arbovirus encephalitides: Japanese encephalitis JEV Australian encephalitis MVEV KUNV Saint Louis encephalitis SLEV Usutu virus USUV West Nile fever WNV Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Dengue fever DENV-1-4 Yellow fever YFV Zika fever ZIKV
Togaviridae	Arbovirus encephalitides: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis EEEV Western equine encephalomyelitis WEEV Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis VEEV Chikungunya CHIKV O'nyong'nyong fever ONNV Pogosta disease Sindbis virus Ross River fever RRV Semliki Forest virus
Reoviridae	Banna virus encephalitis

Tick
-borne

Bunyavirales	Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV) Heartland virus Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (Huaiyangshan banyangvirus) Tete virus Arbovirus encephalitides: Bhanja virus
Flaviviridae	Arbovirus encephalitides: Tick-borne encephalitis TBEV Powassan encephalitis POWV Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Omsk hemorrhagic fever OHFV Kyasanur Forest disease KFDV AHFV Langat virus LGTV
Orthomyxoviridae	Bourbon virus
Reoviridae	Colorado tick fever CTFV Kemerovo tickborne viral fever

Sandfly
-borne

Bunyavirales	Adria virus (ADRV) Oropouche fever Oropouche virus Pappataci fever Toscana virus Sandfly fever Naples virus
Rhabdoviridae	Chandipura virus

Mammal
-borne

Rodent
-borne

Arenaviridae	Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Lassa fever LASV Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever GTOV Argentine hemorrhagic fever JUNV Brazilian hemorrhagic fever SABV Bolivian hemorrhagic fever MACV LUJV CHPV
Bunyavirales	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome DOBV HTNV PUUV SEOV AMRV THAIV Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ANDV SNV
Herpesviridae	Murid gammaherpesvirus 4

Bat
-borne

Filoviridae	Ebola virus disease BDBV SUDV TAFV ZEBOV Marburg virus disease MARV RAVV
Rhabdoviridae	Rabies ABLV MOKV DUVV LBV CHPV
Paramyxoviridae	Henipavirus encephalitis HeV NiV
Coronaviridae	MERS-CoV SARS-related coronavirus SARS-CoV SARS-CoV-2

Primate
-borne

Herpesviridae	B virus
Retroviridae	Simian foamy virus HTLV-1 HTLV-2
Poxviridae	Tanapox Yaba monkey tumor virus

Multiple
vectors

Rhabdoviridae	Rabies RABV Mokola virus
Poxviridae	Monkeypox

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Epidemiology

Reservoir

Transmission

See also

References

External links