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Actinosphaerium - Wikipedia

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Actinosphaerium

Actinosphaerium eichhornii
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Stramenopiles
Phylum:	Gyrista
Subphylum:	Ochrophytina
Class:	Raphidomonadea
Order:	Actinophryida
Suborder:	Actinosphaerina Cavalier-Smith, 2013^[1]
Family:	Actinosphaeriidae Cavalier-Smith, 2013^[1]
Genus:	Actinosphaerium Ritter von Stein, 1857
Type species
Actinosphaerium eichhornii (Ehrenberg, 1840) Stein, 1857
Synonyms^[2]
Echinosphoerium/Echinosphaerium Hovasse, 1965 Camptonema Schaudinn, 1894

Actinosphaerium is a genus of heliozoa, amoeboid unicellular organisms with many axopodial filaments that radiate out of their cell. It is classified within the monotypic family Actinosphaeriidae and suborder Actinosphaerina. Species of Actinophrys are distinguished by their large number of nuclei in each cell. Their axopodia sometimes terminate on the surface of nuclei. Vacuoles are abundant in the periphery of the cytoplasm.

Morphology

Actinosphaerium species belong to an informal group known as heliozoa, which are unicellular eukaryotes (or protists) that are heterotrophic (also known as protozoa) and present slender, radiating, specialized pseudopodia known as axopodia.^[1] Its cell structure has been studied profusely through electron microscopy during the 20th century.^[3] Actinosphaerium cells are spherical and multinucleate (i.e. have more than one cell nucleus), as opposed to Actinophrys species which are uninucleate. The axonemes of their axopodia may or may not end on the surface of their nuclei.^[2] Their cells range from 200 to 400 μm in diameter.^[4]

The cytoplasm of Actinosphaerium species is divided into a highly vacuolated ectoplasm (i.e. with numerous non-contractile vacuoles) and a less vacuolated endoplasm. Multiple long, slender axopodia radiate out of the cell body. Each axopodium is composed of a relatively stiff axial rod, surrounded by a thin layer of ectoplasm. The rods penetrate deep into the endoplasm and can terminate freely or close to the cell nuclei.^[4]

Ecology

Actinosphaerium is a freshwater genus of protists. It has been observed consuming a diverse range of prey such as midge larvae, sessile colonial ciliates and several rotifer species.^[5]

Systematics

Taxonomy

Actinosphaerium was created by German zoologist Ritter von Stein in 1857 to accommodate the species Actinophrys eichhornii (now Actinosphaerium eichhornii), distinguished from current Actinophrys species by a large number of nuclei.^[2]

In 1965, Hovasse divided Actinosphaerium to create the genus Echinosphoerium or Echinosphaerium (both spellings were used in his work). He introduced this name for actinosphaerids whose axopodia terminated on the surface of nuclei (specifically A. eichhornii), on the assumption that in Actinosphaerium the axopodia do not end on nuclei. This is supported by many observations. However, the original description of Actinosphaerium by Stein in 1857 mentions no details on this feature. Studies of the ultrastructure of actinosphaerids around the same era showed that some axopodia do end on the nuclei, but not always.^[2]

Species

There are currently four accepted species in the genus.^[2]

Actinosphaerium eichhornii (Ehrenberg, 1840) Stein, 1857
Actinosphaerium nucleofilum Barrett, 1958 (=Echinosphaerium nucleofilum (Barrett, 1958) Hovasse, 1965)
Actinosphaerium akamae (Shigenaka, Watanabe & Suzaki, 1980) Mikrjukov & Patterson, 2001^[2] (=Echinosphaerium akamae Shigenaka, Watanabe & Suzaki, 1980)
Actinosphaerium arachnoideum Penard, 1904

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2013). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (3): 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002. PMID 23219323.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mikrjukov, Kirill A.; Patterson, David J. (2001). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids" (PDF). Acta Protozoologica. 40: 3–25.
^ Gast, R.J. (2017). "Centrohelida and Other Heliozoan-like Protists". In Archibald, J.; Simpson, A.; Slamovits, C.; Margulis, L.; Melkonian, M.; Chapman, D.; Corliss, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International. pp. 1–17. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_28-1. ISBN 978-3-319-32669-6.
^ ^a ^b Anderson, E.; Beams, H. W. (May 1960). "The Fine Structure of the Heliozoan, Actinosphaerium nucleofilum". The Journal of Protozoology. 7 (2): 190–199. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1960.tb00729.x.
^ Sanchez-Avila AS, Wallace RL, Walsh EJ (7 June 2023). "Motility and size of rotifers as risk factors for being consumed by the passive protistan predator Actinosphaerium sp". Hydrobiologia. doi:10.1007/s10750-023-05260-0.

Taxon identifiers
Actinosphaerium	Wikidata: Q548432 Wikispecies: Actinosphaerium AlgaeBase: 51512 CoL: 7NMV4 EoL: 62069 GBIF: 3210520 iNaturalist: 417816 IRMNG: 1064614 ITIS: 46121 NCBI: 238766 Open Tree of Life: 446830
Actinosphaeriidae	Wikidata: Q24026097 Wikispecies: Actinosphaeriaceae AlgaeBase: 120985 CoL: 7NH6B EoL: 45279370 GBIF: 7722771 IRMNG: 11907278 Open Tree of Life: 5574821 WoRMS: 836356

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