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Agnathia
Symptoms	Absence of a portion or the entirety of one or both jaws.^[1]
Diagnostic method	X-rays or CT scans of the mandible and temporomandibular joint.^[2]
Treatment	Surgery
Frequency	Rare.^[1]

Agnathia (also termed hypognathous)^[1] is the absence of a portion or the entirety of one or both jaws.^[1]^[3] It is a very rare condition.^[1] External, middle, and inner ear abnormalities, as well as temporal bone, parotid gland, masticatory muscles, and facial neural abnormalities, frequently coexist with Agnathia. Agnathia is seen in agnathia-holoprosencephaly, otocephaly, and Ivemark syndrome.^[2]

Diagnosis

X-rays or CT scans of the mandible and temporomandibular joint showcase the extent of underdevelopment and differentiate Agnathia from other disorders that cause similar facial abnormalities but do not involve substantial structural loss.^[2]

Treatment

Agnathia treatment consists of rapid reconstruction using autogenous bone grafting to stop the further development of facial deformity. Mentoplasty, bone and cartilage onlay grafts, and soft-tissue grafts are frequently used to restore facial symmetry. Distraction osteogenesis, which involves performing an osteotomy and attaching a distraction device to both portions of the mandible, is becoming more common. Early orthodontic therapy in adolescents aids in the correction of malocclusion.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ghom AG; Ghom SA (30 September 2014). Textbook of Oral Medicine. JP Medical Ltd. p. 125. ISBN 978-93-5152-303-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Congenital Jaw Abnormalities - Pediatrics". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
^ Rajendran A; Sundaram S (10 February 2014). Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology (7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-312-3800-4.

Oral and maxillofacial pathology

Lips
Cheilitis Actinic Angular Plasma cell Cleft lip Congenital lip pit Eclabium Herpes labialis Macrocheilia Microcheilia Nasolabial cyst Sun poisoning Trumpeter's wart

Tongue
Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia Microglossia Rhabdomyoma

Palate
Bednar's aphthae Cleft palate High-arched palate Palatal cysts of the newborn Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia Stomatitis nicotina Torus palatinus

Oral mucosa – Lining of mouth

Teeth (pulp, dentin, enamel)

Periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolus) – Gums and tooth-supporting structures

Periapical, mandibular and maxillary hard tissues – Bones of jaws

Temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication and malocclusions – Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
Bruxism Condylar resorption Mandibular dislocation Malocclusion Crossbite Open bite Overbite Overeruption Overjet Prognathia Retrognathia Scissor bite Maxillary hypoplasia Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Condylar hypoplasia Condylar hyperplasia

Salivary glands

Stomatognathic system – Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
Bruxism Mouth breathing Sleep apnea Catathrenia Central hypoventilation syndrome Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Obstructive sleep apnea Periodic breathing Snoring

Orofacial soft tissues – Soft tissues around the mouth
Actinomycosis Angioedema Basal cell carcinoma Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Gnathophyma Ludwig's angina Macrostomia Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome Microstomia Noma Oral Crohn's disease Orofacial granulomatosis Perioral dermatitis Pyostomatitis vegetans

Other
Eagle syndrome Hemifacial hypertrophy Facial hemiatrophy Oral manifestations of systemic disease

Category:

Pathology of the maxilla and mandible

Hidden categories:

Diagnosis

Treatment

See also

References