| Muhammad | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Malik al-Kamil | |||||
| Emir of Jazira | |||||
| Reign | 1247–1260 | ||||
| Predecessor | Al-Muzaffar Ghazi | ||||
| Successor | Emirate abolished | ||||
| Died | 1260 Mayyafariqin (modern-day Silvan, Diyarbakır, Turkey) | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Ayyubid | ||||
| Father | Al-Muzaffar Ghazi | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
'Al-Malik al-Kamil Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar Ghazi ibn al-Adil Abu Bakr was the son of al-Muzaffar Ghazi and the last Ayyubid emir (prince) of Mayyafariqin (1247–1260).[1] He is also known as Al Kamil Muhammad II to distinguish from his uncle Al Kamil Muhammad I.[2]
Al Kamil inherited his throne at a time when the Ayyubid Emirate of Mayyafariqin was in great danger from the Mongols. Because of its location, it was doubly at risk. To the north, the Golden Horde under Batu Khan had expanded through the Caucasus and might thrust south; to the south and east, Hulagu Khan threatened to overrun Iraq and push north. Much of Al Kamil's reign was therefore occupied with diplomatic efforts to preserve his autonomy and he sent various embassies to the Mongols to try to negotiate this.
In 1252 (650) Bayju Khan, governor of Azerbaijan and Armenia for the Golden Horde, suddenly appeared before Mayafariqin and demanded its surrender.[3] Al Kamil Muhammad had managed to get out of the city with his family to the safety of Hasankeyf and from there he sent his brother al Ashraf Musa [Notes 1] to petition Batu Khan for Mayyafariqin’s autonomy. Batu agreed to hold off invading Mayyafariqin if Al Kamil Muhammad would go in person to the Great Khan Möngke in Karakorum to present his submission. Al Kamil agreed and in February 1253 (650) he set off bearing rich gifts. When he arrived in Karakorum he found a number of other Emirs paying their respects to the Great Khan and offering submission.[4][5]
The Mongols had no intention of allowing these domains to remain even nominally independent, but their strategy involved taking Baghdad first, before moving on to other centres in due course. There was thus a few years’ respite for Mayyafariqin. Ultimately though Al Kamil’s efforts were in vain. He even attempted to send troops in the Siege of Baghdad (1258) in support of the Caliph against Hulagu, but his army did not arrive in time for the siege, and had to turn back when Baghdad fell.[5]
The Mongol armies returned in force, and started the Siege of Mayyāfāriqīn (1259-1260). There was a harsh and bitter siege with vigorous resistance to the attackers, which lasted two years.[6] Finally Al Kamil was killed when Mayyafariqin fell to the Mongols on 7 April 1260 (23 Rabia II 658).[7] Of the remaining Ayyubid states in Syria, Aleppo was brutally conquered, while Homs, Hama and Damascus submitted peacefully.[8]
Notes
- ^ This brother was neither the Emir of Homs nor the Sultan of Egypt, both of whom had the same name
References
- ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley, The Mohammedan Dynasties, Constable & Co, London 1894, p.77
- ^ The Coinage of the Ayyubids, P. Balog, Royal Numismatic Society, Number 12, London 1980, p.17 and p.21
- ^ Humphreys, R. S. From Saladin to the Mongols, The Ayyubids of Damascus, SUNY Press 1977, p.335
- ^ Meri, Josef W. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0.
The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyafariqin, al-Kamil Muhammad, arrived at Mo ̈ngke's court in 1253, made his submission, and found there Muslim princes from Mosul and Mardin. It is clear, then, that years before Hulegu's arrival in the area, the majority of Muslim princes in Iraq, Jazira, and Syria had made some type of submission to the Mongols and that at least some were paying tribute.
- ^ a b Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan, D. (2011). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). Leiden; Boston: Brill. p. 133. ISBN 978-90-04-18635-4.
The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyāfāriqīn and Amida, al-Kāmil Muhammad, had broken his vow to Hűlegű to supply troops for the siege of Baghdad. (...) Note 7: Al-Kāmil visited Mongolia to present his submission and was granted yarligh and paiza by Mönkge Khan in 650 H. (1253) (Rashīd al-Dīn, 1954:727; Humphreys, 1977:335). He came back to Iraq with Hűlegű in 1257 (Jūzjānī, 1970:1266; Patton, 1991:62). In fact, al-Kāmil marched with his troops towards Baghdad, but to aid the Caliph. On his way, he received information about the fall of Baghdad and he turned back (Jūzjānī, 1970:1267–1268).
- ^ Spuler, B., Ronald F., Bagley C., The Muslim World a Historical Survey Part II: The Mongol Period E.J. Brill, Leiden 1960 p.19
- ^ Muqaras: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers, eds. Gülru Necipoğlu, Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Anna Contadinia, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden 2004, ISSN 0732-2992 ISBN 90 04 139648 vol.21 p.354
- ^ Humphreys, R. S. From Saladin to the Mongols, The Ayyubids of Damascus, SUNY Press 1977, pp.348-351
