Alexander McClung
"Black Knight and His Weapon" Clarion-Ledger, Jackson, Mississippi, October 6, 1929; this is possibly the derringer with which he committed suicide[1]
2nd United States Ambassador to Bolivia
In office 1849–1851
President	Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore
Preceded by	John Appleton
Succeeded by	Horace H. Miller
Personal details
Born	1811 (1811) Fauquier County, Virginia
Died	March 23, 1855 (aged 43–44) Jackson, Mississippi
Citizenship	United States
Nationality	American
Relations	John Marshall (uncle)
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1846–48
Rank	Lieutenant colonel
Battles/wars	Mexican-American War

Alexander Keith McClung (June 14, 1811 – March 23, 1855) was an attorney from Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S. marshal for the Northern District of Mississippi, a leading officer of the Mississippi Rifles during the Mexican-American War, and briefly chargé d'affaires to Bolivia in President Zachary Taylor's administration. A dead shot with mental health problems, he is best known for his participation in a series of duels. He became a folkloric figure of the 19th-century antebellum United States, known as "the Black Knight of the South," with claims made to the effect that he killed 18 people, or participated in 14 duels and had killed 10 men, or killed seven brothers in one family. (The historical record suggests four duels with two killings.)

Born the seventh child of a Kentucky judge and legislator, and the "most brilliant" daughter of the Marshall political family, McClung moved to Mississippi in 1832, where he built a lonely, storied, troubled life; he considered himself "Death's Ramrod." Amongst his contemporaries, he was considered a courageous soldier, a passionate Whig (devoted to Henry Clay, and opposed to Andrew Jackson), an excellent writer, an excellent shot; sensitive, melancholic, Byronic, erratic, alcoholic, and eventually, insane. He died by self-inflicted gunshot in a Mississippi boarding house in 1855, leaving a Romantic poem as a suicide note.

McClung was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, and was the nephew of United States Chief Justice John Marshall. His father was William Alexander McClung, and his mother was Sarah Tarleton Marshall.^[2][3] Judge McClung was a Virginia native related to the Breckinridges,^[4][5] who represented Kentucky in the Virginia legislature, represented Nelson County in the Kentucky Senate from 1796 to 1800, and attended the Constitutional Convention that met in Danville, Kentucky, in 1787.^[6] Sarah Marshall was remembered as the "brilliant daughter of distinguished Revolutionary War veteran Col. Thomas Marshall...Susan was carrying her seventh child when she left her Mason County home in 1811 to visit a gravely ill sister in Virginia. That memorable year witnessed the birth of a son, Alexander Keith, on June 14th in the Old Dominion, and the death of her husband on their Kentucky estate that same summer."^[5] Several of McClung's siblings died young.^[5]

At age 14, he was sent to a "classical school conducted in Woodford Co., Ky., by his uncle, Dr. Louis Marshall. To escape punishment he leaped from a second-story window and fled to his home in Mason County.^[2] He attended the New York Naval Academy, where he once threatened fellow student Benjamin F. Sands at sword point.^[5] He was commissioned as a midshipman on April 1, 1828.^[7][2] He set sail on the USS Vandalia (1828) on October 15, 1828,^[5] and promptly showed further evidence of behavioral issues, getting into a fight with fellow midshipman J. T. Williams.^[5] At the port of Montevideo, Uruguay,^[5] his first duel was with midshipman Addison C. Hinton, later of the Republic of Texas Navy.^[8] Hinton wounded McClung in the arm, McClung nicked Hinton's thumb.^[8] McClung's naval career ended August 20, 1829, when his captain put him ashore in Buenos Aires, Argentina.^[2][9] Upon returning to Kentucky, he initially studied medicine but then turned to the law.^[2] His second duel was in Frankfort, Kentucky, opposite his cousin James W. Marshall; he fired into the air, concluding the matter of honor.^[8] There may or may not have been another shooting in here somewhere. A Marshall cousin wrote in the 1880s, "I know little of the circumstances under which he killed Baker."^[10] The McClungs deny the claim that he killed a man named Baker.^[11]

McClung moved first to Columbus, in northeastern Mississippi, in about 1832.^[4] Moving further south in 1833, in short order he served as "second" to Henry S. Foote in a duel with Sergeant S. Prentiss.^[8] At this duel, one of the typically baroque Southern duel cycles of gossip, rumor, slander, and melodrama was kicked off, in this case involving one Gen. Allen and a man named George W. Coffee.^[12] Thus, on July 14, 1834, McClung dueled and killed Mississippi state legislator Augustus Albert Allen.^[13][12] The duel was on the banks of the Pearl River, and McClung shot Allen in the mouth from 34 feet (10 m).^[12] McClung's shot amputated Allen's tongue and smashed "several teeth...leaving a horrific wound from which he died in great agony."^[12][8] As many as 3,000 people were present at the Jackson duelling grounds to witness this event.^[14]

In 1837 there was supposed to be a fight between McClung and H. C. Stewart, with the weapons being 16 in (41 cm) knives but McClung "absolutely refused to agree to the binding of their respective left arms with cords. Gentlemen, he contended, did not bind themselves like slaves and criminals. While the duel never took place, the barbaric terms were circulated in the Northern press as yet another example of Southern savagery."^[12] McClung killed 24-year-old John L. Menefee in 1838.^[15] Menefee's first name is variously listed as George, James, and John W., and the family spelling was Menefee although the press generally used Menifee.^[16][17][18] He was a Vicksburg merchant,^[16] and he was the brother of Kentucky congressman Richard H. Menefee, and he was killed on "the second fire" of a duel with Mississippi rifles in Vicksburg in December 1838.^[13]

The lead-up to the shooting involved Menefee and George Coffee ("McClung's old enemy") finding the completely inebriated McClung alone and unarmed in a tavern and "savagely beating" him with a pool cue to the point that they fractured his skull. This action led to the duel.^[16] As many as 700 people had ridden over to DeSoto Island, the "duelling island" across from Vicksburg, in boats to witness the shootout.^[19] Menifee was not killed directly by a bullet, but rather McClung's bullet hit the body of Menifee's gun and either a fragment of the hammer or half of the bullet entered above his right eye,^[20] or a wooden splinter of the rifle stock through the neck was what killed him.^[18] The crowd was against McClung, as Menifee was personally popular, and "the callous sporting crowd had reportedly bet heavily against McClung" since Menifee was a member of the local militia known for his excellent shooting skills.^[16] Menefee's unit, the Vicksburg Rifles, had all come to the dueling grounds to have a picnic and watch.^[21] Nearly 50 years later, in 1886, Menifee was still remembered by a Vicksburg booster as "one of the most brilliant and popular men in the State."^[22]

After Menefee's death, other Menefees reportedly sought out McClung and he "fought seven of them killing three of the number and wounding the balance."^[23] Another version has it that "As an aftermath, he was forced to methodically slay all six of his victim's brothers, one by one, in the order which they challenged him. One perfectly good family, 'shot to hell'—literally."^[4] The McClung family history claimed that his "formidable reputation saved him from ever again being challenged.^[23] Another account, spun one hundred years after McClung's death, claimed that he killed 18 men, including some conniving gamblers killed in partnership with Jim Bowie in a brawl on the deck of a steamboat, and that the names of 18 victims "are known," but this account does not name them.^[24] His reputation is probably predominantly folkloric and not factual, as there is no secondary evidence of McClung killing a succession of Menefees in the wake of their brother's death, etc., but such statements cling to McClung's reputation nonetheless.^[16]

McClung was noted for his attacks on the Martin Van Buren presidential administration of 1836 to 1840.^[25] McClung was named editor of the Southern Sun newspaper in 1840.^[26] From 1841 to 1845, McClung was U.S. marshal for the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.^[27][7] During this period there are hints of a failed courtship of Virginia Caroline Tunstall, later Mrs. Clement Claiborne Clay.^[28][25] They met in Columbus while she was visiting an aunt, Mrs. Fort. She reportedly said that she both loved him and feared him, and he was prone to stunts like threatening to drive their carriage into the river unless she agreed to marry him.^[29] She said yes, made him drive her home, told him the next day that her "yes" was made under duress, and "fearful...fled by stagecoach to Tuscaloosa," and never saw him again, marrying Clay shortly thereafter.^[30] McClung ran The True Issue newspaper in Jackson, Mississippi in 1844.^[14] The following year, he "stumped Lowndes County" for a seat in the Mississippi House of Representatives and lost the election but "established his reputation as a skilled, dramatic orator."^[16]

McClung served as lieutenant colonel of the 1st Mississippi Regiment during the Mexican–American War.^[31] Originally Captain of the Tombigbee Volunteers, which was named for the Tombigbee River, the company was organized at Columbus, Mississippi, and included soldiers recruited from Monroe and Lowdnes Counties.^[32] He was promoted to lieutenant colonel, second in command of the regiment, and was wounded at the "storming of Monterrey."^[33] McClung was said to be the first man over the wall at the Black Fort (La Teneria), and he was assaulting the second Mexican defensive line when his left hand was shattered and left hip struck by an enemy minie ball.^[16] In 1847, citizens of Columbus presented McClung with a ceremonial sword inscribed "'Presented to Lieut. Col. Alex'r. McClung, by the citizens of Lowndes County, Miss., for his gallantry at the battle of Monterey.' On the sword are the words uttered by the gallant Colonel, when making his charge on the Mexican defences, 'Tombigbee Volunteers, follow me.'"^[34] As of 1904 the sword was in the possession of Mrs. Harrison T. McClung of St. Paul, Minnesota.^[23]

McClung was announced as a candidate for the U.S. Congress from Mississippi in 1847.^[31] Both Jefferson Davis and McClung ran for office late year, based on their records in the war, and squabbled in print over who took what actions in combat.^[16] Davis, a Democrat, was sent up to the U.S. Senate.^[16] McClung, a Whig, failed to win to a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives,^[16] his successful opponent being Winfield Scott Featherston, a Democrat and fellow veteran of the Mexican-American War.^[1] In 1848 the Mississippi Free Trader criticized McClung's stump speaking style as mediocre.^[35] His writing, however, was said to be superlative.^[8] McClung supported Zachary Taylor for president in 1848 and as a reward was granted the "scantest crumbs of political patronage—the post of charges d'affaires to Bolivia. Many of his friends advised him to refuse the position. McClung, who was in dire financial straits, swallowed his pride and accepted the mission on May 29, 1849."^[36][37] In 1851 he insulted the Bolivian foreign minister and essentially recalled himself to the United States.^[16] While in Bolivia he may have killed "an overbearing Englishman."^[38] However, this claim "is by others denied."^[11]

Back in Mississippi, he was a vigorous campaigner for pro-Union candidates and against the possibility of secession from the United States over the issue of slavery, supporting his old ally Foote in an election against Jefferson Davis.^[8] Many decades later, a trio of old Confederates claimed that McClung and Davis despised each other, and Davis would deliberately needle McClung, hoping to prompt a duel challenge in which Davis would have chosen the weapons, and selected sabers, at which he was the superior fighter. (No challenge to Davis was ever sent by McClung.)^[39] In 1852 he was nominated, along with S. S. Boyd of Adams County, to serve as a Whig presidential elector,^[40] but refused to serve because he did not support Winfield Scott.^[41]

He was, however, notorious by this time for his bad credit, gambling, and drunkenness, had no remaining legal career to speak of, and had accumulated significant debts.^[36] He delivered a eulogy for Henry Clay on October 11, 1852 that was described as one of the greatest speeches ever made in Mississippi despite him having been in what was called a "beastly state of intoxication" the night before.^[42] He became a hopeless alcoholic and would fall asleep on emptied shipping crates stacked behind shops in the Mississippi state capital of Jackson, unconscious but clutching a Bowie knife in his hand.^[43] According to Mrs. Sidney Stevens of Jackson, Mississippi in 1929, "Most of McClung's quarrels and debauches either occurred or originated in the saloon...on the corner of East Capitol and North State street, across the street from the Old Capitol. That was a favorite hangout for him."^[39] Reuben Davis recalled in his memoirs the terror of entering a restaurant with two friends and coming across McClung drinking alone but for the company of two guns and a knife laid out in front of him on the bar; Davis described McClung as "insane" by that time, prone to an alcohol-fueled psychosis and erratic, frightening words and actions.^[36] Davis and companions finished their white wine and oysters as quickly as possible and departed post haste, leaving the equally terrified (enslaved) waiter alone with McClung.^[36] In 1855, McClung sought a new military officer's commission but, with his reputation in tatters, and his old rival Jefferson Davis running the U.S. Department of War under Franklin Pierce, none was forthcoming.^[36]

McClung used "a tiny, silver-mounted derringer" to commit suicide by self-inflicted gunshot in the Eagle Hotel in Jackson, Mississippi.^[1] According to Kentucky archivist and historian James M. Prichard, his planning for this event was elaborate: "He had previously asked a local carpenter to design a wooden plank with a deep notch in one end. After positioning the plank against his bed, he lay down so that his head rested in the v-shaped notch. He placed a small silver derringer against his head and pulled the trigger. The blood ran down the board so that not a single drop stained his fine clothes. Near his body lay a bit of melancholy verse entitled 'Ode to Death.'"^[36] McClung was interred in the burial plot of Nicholas D. Coleman, widower of his cousin, Lucy Ambler Marshall Coleman,^[24][44] at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Vicksburg, Warren County, Mississippi.^[45][1]

McClung's remarkable, troubled life and ultimate death by his own hand may have stemmed in part from a family history of untreated mood disorders and substance abuse. McClung's sister Charlotte McClung Woolfolk was remembered as a brilliant woman of "idiosyncrasies," who was possessed of a "delicate, quick and sensitive intuition, manifesting itself in prevision, bordering on prophesy,"^[46] and who was "quite mad at the time of her early death in 1840."^[5] McClung's brother Rev. John A. McClung's death at Niagara Falls in 1859 was most likely a suicide.^[5] McClung's cousin, Thomas F. Marshall, also a duellist, drank himself to death in 1864.^[36] McClung's mother outlived her son by three years; in 1885, a nephew wrote of her, "Aunt McClung was, perhaps, the most intellectual of the daughters of Col. Thos. Marshall. Her mind possessed masculine powers, and she delighted to associate with people of culture. She combined intelligence with sweetness of temper, purity of thought and tenderness of heart. In the days of my childhood and orphanage, she was a mother to me. I delighted to read to her, and hear her comments. She was dignified and imposing in her manner; yet everybody loved her. Her reading was extensive, her information varied, and her conversation exceedingly interesting. When, in 1831 and 1832, I lived at the old haunted Orr mansion, perched on the Ohio bluff, with its solitary halls, lofty ceilings, and spacious corridors, she kindly took me to her room of nights, to allay my boyish fears of ghosts. In her long widowhood of 47 years, she was a welcome and honored visitor among her kindred."^[47]

Alexander McClung never married but according to a 1948 article in a Mississippi paper, "For many years the name McClung became an alibi for the spinsters of Columbus, who nimbly excused their single blessedness by remarking, 'You must realize, my dear, the reason I never married is because I loved Alexander McClung.'"^[28]

The nickname Black Knight of the South seems to have been developed posthumously, possibly from the title of a 1936 article by Craddock Goins in Esquire magazine.^[48] McClung reportedly referred to himself in letters as "Death's Ramrod."^[4] Regarding the longevity and persistence of McClung's legend, one Mississippi narrative about his life and death seemed to him imbue him with all of the original sins of the antebellum Southern white man: "Highly bred like the thoroughbred horses of his boyhood home, sensitive, intelligent, quick-tempered, ambitious, combatative and frustrated, Keith McClung grew up to acquire most of the virtues and nearly all the vices of the traditional Southern gentleman of his day. He was controversial and vain, with an exaggerated sense of chivalry and an adolescent motion the he must prove himself in the world by fighting continually."^[4] His well-known rivalry with Confederate President Jefferson Davis may have also contributed to the construction of his reputation in the Lost Cause-venerating post-war white South.^[24] The McClung family historian deemed him a victim of his time, writing, "Adherence to the false 'code of honor' which prevailed in his day was deemed more essential than brains and moral character for one who sought political preferment. McClung possessed a temperment which made him an easy victim of this heathenish and barbarous code."^[49]

• Dueling in the Southern United States

• Alexander Keith McClung entry at The Political Graveyard
• Alexander Keith McClung at Find a Grave (born 1811) and also here (born 1809)