α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase

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α-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase

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α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.49) is a glycoside hydrolase from bacteria and animals, also known as nagalase.

The human gene that codes for this enzyme is NAGA. Mutations in this gene and the deficiency in α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity have been identified as the cause of Schindler disease.^[1]

Enzymes with this activity is useful for converting type A blood to type O, giving it the name of A-zyme. Bacterial enzymes in the GH109 family, including the A-zyme from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, runs this reaction efficiently.^[2]

Nagalase catalyzes the deglycosylation of the Gc protein also known as vitamin D3 binding protein rendering it incapable of being converted to the regulatory protein, Gc Macrophage Activating Factor, a protein involved in the activation of macrophages — in cases when many types of incompatible cells happen to be around, thus nagalase diminishes the body’s macrophage activating capacity, and elevated nagalase has been reported in systemic disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus. Elevated nagalase levels have also been found in the blood of children with autism and autism spectrum disorders.^[3] Nagalase accumulates in the serum of cancer patients and its activity correlates with tumor burden, aggressiveness and clinical disease progression.^[4]

References

^ Wang AM, Schindler D, Desnick R (November 1990). "Schindler disease: the molecular lesion in the α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase gene that causes an infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 86 (5): 1752–6. doi:10.1172/JCI114901. PMC 296929. PMID 2243144.
^ Liu QP, Sulzenbacher G, Yuan H, Bennett EP, Pietz G, Saunders K, et al. (April 2007). "Bacterial glycosidases for the production of universal red blood cells". Nature Biotechnology. 25 (4): 454–64. doi:10.1038/nbt1298. PMID 17401360.
^ Siniscalco D, Bradstreet JJ, Cirillo A, Antonucci N (April 2014). "The in vitro GcMAF effects on endocannabinoid system transcriptionomics, receptor formation, and cell activity of autism-derived macrophages". Journal of Neuroinflammation. 11 (78): 78. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-78. PMC 3996516. PMID 24739187.
^ Thyer L, Ward E, Smith R, Branca JJ, Morucci G, Gulisano M, et al. (August 2013). "N-acetylgalactosaminidase levels in advanced cancer patients". Oncoimmunology. 2 (8): e25769. doi:10.4161/onci.25769. PMC 3812199. PMID 24179708.

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Macrophage-Activating+Factors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Hydrolase: sugar hydrolases (EC 3.2)

3.2.1: Glycoside hydrolases

Disaccharidase	Sucrase/Sucrase-isomaltase/Invertase Maltase Trehalase Lactase
Glucosidases	Cellulase Alpha-glucosidase Acid Neutral AB Neutral C Beta-glucosidase cytosolic Debranching enzyme
Other	Amylase Alpha-amylase Chitinase Lysozyme Neuraminidase NEU1 NEU2 NEU3 NEU4 Bacterial neuraminidase Viral neuraminidase Galactosidases Alpha Beta alpha-Mannosidase Glucuronidase Klotho Hyaluronidase Pullulanase Glucosylceramidase lysosomal non-lysosomal Galactosylceramidase Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase NAGA Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase Fucosidase Hexosaminidase HEXA HEXB Iduronidase Maltase-glucoamylase Heparanase HPSE2

3.2.2: Hydrolysing
N-Glycosyl compounds

DNA glycosylases: Oxoguanine glycosylase

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)

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