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Alpine orogeny - Wikipedia

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The Alpine orogeny or Alpide orogeny^{[dubious – discuss]} is an orogenic phase in the Late Mesozoic^[1] (Eoalpine) and the current Cenozoic that has formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt.

The cause of Alpine orogeny

The Alpine orogeny is caused by the continents Africa, Arabia and India and the small Cimmerian Plate colliding (from the south) with Eurasia in the north. Convergent movements between the tectonic plates (the African Plate, the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate from the south, the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Sub-Plate from the north, and many smaller plates and microplates) had already begun in the early Cretaceous, but the major phases of mountain building began in the Paleocene to Eocene. The process continues currently in some of the Alpide mountain ranges.^{[citation needed]}

The Alpine orogeny is considered one of the three major phases of orogeny in Europe that define the geology of that continent, along with the Caledonian orogeny that formed the Old Red Sandstone Continent when the continents Baltica and Laurentia collided in the early Paleozoic, and the Hercynian or Variscan orogeny that formed Pangaea when Gondwana and the Old Red Sandstone Continent collided in the middle to late Paleozoic.^{[citation needed]}

Mountain ranges included

These mountains include (from west to east) the Atlas, the Rif, the Baetic Cordillera, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Dinaric Alps, the Accursed Mountains (Albanides), the Pindus (Hellenides), the Carpathians, the Balkanides (the Balkan Mountains and Rila-Rhodope massifs), the Pontic Mountains, the Taurus, the Antitaurus, the Armenian Highlands, the Caucasus, the Alborz, the Zagros, the Hajar, the Hindu Kush, the Pamir, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas.^[2]

Sometimes other names occur to describe the formation of separate mountain ranges: for example Carpathian orogeny for the Carpathians, Hellenic orogeny for the Pindus, Altai orogeny for the Altai Mountains or the Himalayan orogeny for the Himalayas.

The Alpine orogeny and more distant mountains

The Alpine orogeny has also led to the formation of more distant and smaller geological features such as the Weald–Artois Anticline in Southern England and northern France, the remains of which can be seen in the chalk ridges of the North and South Downs in southern England. Its effects are particularly visible on the Isle of Wight, where the Chalk Group and overlying Eocene strata are folded to near-vertical, as seen in exposures at Alum Bay and Whitecliff Bay, and on the Dorset coast near Lulworth Cove.^[3] Stresses arising from the Alpine orogeny caused the Cenozoic uplift of the Sudetes mountain range^[4] and possibly faulted rocks as far away as Öland in southern Sweden during the Paleocene.^[5]

References

^ Moores, E.M., Fairbridge, R.W. (Editors), 1998: Encyclopedia of European and Asian Regional Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, London, 825 pp.
^ Petrović, Dragutin; Manojlović, Predrag (2003). Geomorfologija (in Serbian). Belgrade: University of Belgrade Faculty of Geography. p. 60. ISBN 86-82657-32-5.
^ Parrish, Randall R.; Parrish, Claire M.; Lasalle, Stephanie (May 2018). "Vein calcite dating reveals Pyrenean orogen as cause of Paleogene deformation in southern England". Journal of the Geological Society. 175 (3): 425–442. Bibcode:2018JGSoc.175..425P. doi:10.1144/jgs2017-107. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 134690307.
^ Migoń, Piotr (2011). "Geomorphic Diversity of the Sudetes - Effects of the structure and global change superimposed". Geographia Polonica. 2: 93–105.
^ Goodfellow B.W.; Viola G.; Bingen B.; Nuriel P.; Kylander-Clark A. (2017). "Palaeocene faulting in SE Sweden from U–Pb dating of slickenfibre calcite". Terra Nova. 29 (5): 321–328. Bibcode:2017TeNov..29..321G. doi:10.1111/ter.12280. S2CID 134545534.

External links

Media related to Alpine orogeny at Wikimedia Commons

Geology of Europe

Countries

Albania
Andorra
Armenia
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United Kingdom
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Geologic regions

Orogens	Acadian Alpine Belomorian Cadomian Caledonian Carpathian Dalslandian Gothian Grampian Hallandian-Danopolonian Hellenic Laxfordian Lopian Saamian Scandian Scourian Timanide Svecofennian Sveconorwegian Uralian Variscan
Mountain ranges	Alps Apennines Caucasus Dinaric Alps Harz Massif Central Ore Mountains Pyrenees Scandinavian Mountains Sudetes Urals Western Carpathians
Oceanic basins	Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Bay of Biscay Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Norwegian Sea
Intracontinental basins and grabens	Aquitaine Basin Barents Basin Baltic Sea Basin Central Lowlands Dnieper–Donets Rift Ebro Basin European Cenozoic Rift System Hellenic Trench Limagne Graben Mezen Basin Molasse Basin Moscow Basin North Sea Basin Oslo Rift Pannonian Basin Paris Basin Peri-Caspian Depression Timan-Pechora Basin White Sea Rift System
Tectonic plates and microcontinents	Adriatic plate Aegean Sea plate Anatolian plate Eurasian plate Iberian plate Jan Mayen Microcontinent Moesian plate Pelso plate Tisza plate
Terranes	Armorican terrane Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria East European Craton Fennoscandian Craton Sarmatian Craton Volgo–Uralia

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

v t e Major African geological formations
Plates	Major plates: African plate Minor plates: Somali plate Microplates: Lwandle plate Madagascar plate Rovuma plate Seychelles plate Victoria Microplate
Cratons and shields	Arabian-Nubian Shield Congo Craton Kaapvaal Craton Kalahari Craton Saharan Metacraton Tanzania Craton Tuareg Shield West African Craton Zimbabwe Craton
Shear zones	Aswa Dislocation Broodkop Shear Zone Central African Shear Zone Chuan Shear Zones Foumban Shear Zone Kandi Fault Zone Mwembeshi Shear Zone Todi Shear Zone Western Meseta Shear Zone
Orogens	Alpine Orogen Cape Fold Belt Damara Orogen East African Orogen Eburnean Orogen Gondwanide Orogen Kibaran Orogen Kuunga Orogen Mauritanide Belt Pan-African orogens Terra Australis Orogen
Rifts	Afar Triangle Anza trough Bahr el Arab rift Benue Trough Blue Nile rift East African Rift Gulf of Suez Rift Lamu Embayment Melut Basin Muglad Basin Red Sea Rift Sangha Aulacogen Atbara rift Urema Valley West and Central African Rift System White Nile rift
Sedimentary basins	Angola Basin Aoukar Blue Nile Basin Chad Basin Congo Basin Douala Basin El Djouf Karoo Basin Gabon Basin Iullemmeden Basin Kufra Basin Murzuq Basin Niger Delta Basin Ogaden Basin Orange River Basin Ouled Abdoun Basin Owambo Basin Reggane Basin Rio del Rey Basin Sirte Basin Somali Coastal Basin Taoudeni Basin Tanzania Coastal Basin Tindouf Basin Turkana Basin
Mountain ranges	Aïr Mountains Atlas Mountains Aurès Mountains Bambouk Mountains Blue Mountains Cameroon line Central Pangean Mountains Chaillu Mountains Drakensberg Eastern Arc Mountains Eastern Rift mountains Ethiopian Highlands Great Escarpment Great Karas Mountains Guinea Highlands Hoggar Mountains Imatong Mountains Jebel Uweinat Loma Mountains Mandara Mountains Marrah Mountains Mitumba Mountains Nuba Mountains Rif Mountains Rwenzori Mountains Sankwala Mountains Serra da Leba Serra da Chela Teffedest Mountains Tibesti Mountains
Inselbergs (aka koppie)	Anti-Atlas Mount Gorongosa Jugurtha Tableland Mount Mabu Mulanje Massif Mont Niénokoué Wase Rock Zuma Rock List of inselbergs

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The cause of Alpine orogeny

Mountain ranges included

The Alpine orogeny and more distant mountains

See also

References

External links