Ashkharhatsuyts

Author	Anonymous (usually attributed to Anania Shirakatsi)
Original title	Աշխարհացոյց
Language	Classical Armenian
Subject	Geography
Publication date	7th century[1][2]
Publication place	Armenia

Ashkharhatsuyts (Old Armenian: Աշխարհացոյց, romanized: Ašxarhacʽoycʽ), often translated as Geography in English sources, is an early medieval Armenian geography attributed to Anania Shirakatsi.

It believed to have been written sometime between 610 and 636.^[3] According to Elizabeth Redgate, it was written "probably shortly before AD 636".^[4] Its authorship has been disputed in the modern period; formerly believed to have been the work of Movses Khorenatsi, most scholars now attribute it to Anania Shirakatsi.^[5] Robert Hewsen calls it "one of the most valuable works to come down to us from Armenian antiquity."^[6]

The Armenian Geography—as it is alternatively known—has been especially important for research into the history and geography of Greater Armenia, the Caucasus (Georgia and Caucasian Albania) and the Sasanian Empire,^[7] which are all described in detail.^[8][6] The territories are described before the Arab invasions and conquests.^[9] The information on Armenia is not found elsewhere in historical sources,^[10] as it is the only known Armenian geographical work written before the 13th century.^[1]

The Ashkharhatsuyts has survived in long and short recensions.^[6] According to scholarly consensus, the long recension is the original.^[11] For the description of Europe, North Africa and Asia (all the known world from Spain to China),^[10] it largely uses Greek sources, namely the now lost geography of Pappus of Alexandria (4th century), which in turn, is based on the Geography of Ptolemy (2nd century).^[12][7][6] According to Hewsen, it is the "last work based on ancient geographical knowledge written before the Renaissance."^[13]

It was one of the earliest secular Armenian works to be published (in 1668 by Voskan Yerevantsi).^[14] It has been translated into four languages: English, Latin (both 1736), French (1819), and Russian (1877).^[15] In 1877, Kerovbe Patkanian first attributed it to Anania as the most probable author.^[16]

Another geographical work of Anania Shirakatsi, The Itinerary ([Młonač῾ap῾k῾] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 7) (help)), may have been a part of the Ashkharhatsuyts. It presents six routes from Dvin, Armenia's capital at that time, to the major settlements in different directions, with distances in miles (młon), referring to the Arabic mile of 1,917.6 metres (6,291 ft), according to Hakob Manandian.^[17]

• Geography of Armenia

• Garsoïan, Nina (1997). "The Marzpanate (428–652)". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Vol. 1. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 95–116. ISBN 0-312-10169-4.
• Greenwood, Tim (9 April 2018). "Ananias of Shirak (Anania Širakac'i)". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
• Greppin, John A. C. (1995). "Comments on Early Armenian Knowledge of Botany as Revealed in the Geography of Ananias of Shirak". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (4): 679–684. doi:10.2307/604736. JSTOR 604736.
• Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2002). "Anania Shirakatsi (Anania of Shirak)". The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 56-80. ISBN 9780814330234.
• Hewsen, Robert H. (1968). "Science in Seventh-Century Armenia: Ananias of Širak". Isis. 59 (1). History of Science Society: 32–45. doi:10.1086/350333. JSTOR 227850. S2CID 145014073.
• Hewsen, Robert H. (1992). The Geography of Ananias of Širak. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
• Mathews, Edward G. Jr. (2008). "Anania of Shirak". In Keyser, Paul T.; Irby-Massie, Georgia L. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists: The Greek Tradition and its Many Heirs. Routledge. pp. 70-71. ISBN 9781134298020.
• Pambakian, Stephanie (2018). "Tradition and Innovation in the Cosmology of Anania Širakac'i" (PDF). Eurasiatica. 11. Edizioni Ca’ Foscari: 9–24. doi:10.30687/978-88-6969-279-6/001. ISBN 978-88-6969-280-2. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
• Redgate, A. E. (2000). The Armenians. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9780631220374.
• Thomson, Robert W. (1997). "Armenian Literary Culture Through the Eleventh Century". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 199–240.
• Van Lint, Theo (2018). "Ananias of Shirak (Anania Shirakats'i)". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-881624-9.

• The Geography, to which is added a selection of Vardan's fables called Aluesagirk., 1668, Amsterdam

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