Paradigm | Structured, imperative (procedural) |
---|---|
Designed by | W. A. Wulf, D. B. Russell, A. N. Habermann |
Developer | Carnegie Mellon University |
First appeared | 1970 |
Stable release | BLISS-64
|
Typing discipline | Typeless |
Scope | Lexical |
Platform | PDP-10, PDP-11, VAX, PRISM, MIPS, DEC Alpha, IA-32, IA-64, x86-64 |
OS | Cross-platform |
Website | pdp-10 |
Dialects | |
Common BLISS | |
Influenced by | |
ALGOL |
BLISS is a system programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) by W. A. Wulf, D. B. Russell, and A. N. Habermann around 1970. It was perhaps the best known system language until C debuted a few years later. Since then, C became popular and common, and BLISS faded into obscurity. When C was in its infancy, a few projects within Bell Labs debated the merits of BLISS vs. C.[citation needed]
BLISS is a typeless block-structured programming language based on expressions rather than statements, and includes constructs for exception handling, coroutines, and macros. It does not include a goto statement.
The name is variously said to be short for Basic Language for Implementation of System Software or System Software Implementation Language, Backwards. However, in his 2015 oral history for the Babbage Institute's Computer Security History Project, Wulf claimed that the acronym was originally based on the name "Bill's Language for Implementing System Software."[1]
The original Carnegie Mellon compiler was notable for its extensive use of optimizations, and formed the basis of the classic book The Design of an Optimizing Compiler.
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed and maintained BLISS compilers for the PDP-10,[2] PDP-11,[2] VAX,[2] DEC PRISM,[3] MIPS,[2] DEC Alpha,[2] and Intel IA-32,[2] The language did not become popular among customers and few had the compiler,[4] but DEC used it heavily in-house into the 1980s; most of the utility programs for the OpenVMS operating system were written in BLISS-32. The DEC BLISS compiler has been ported to the IA-64 and x86-64 architectures as part of the ports of OpenVMS to these platforms.[2][5] The x86-64 BLISS compiler uses LLVM as its backend code generator, replacing the proprietary GEM backend used for Alpha and IA-64.
Language description
BLISS has many of the features of other modern high-level languages. It has block structure, an automatic stack, and mechanisms for defining and calling recursive routines ... provides a variety of predefined data structures and ... facilities for testing and iteration ...
On the other hand, BLISS omits certain features of other high-level languages. It does not have built-in facilities for input/output, because a system-software project usually develops its own input/output or builds on basic monitor I/O or screen management services ... it permits access to machine-specific features, because system software often requires this. BLISS has characteristics that are unusual among high-level languages. A name ... is uniformly interpreted as the address of that segment rather than the value of the segment ... Also, BLISS is an "expression language" rather than a "statement language".
This means that every construct of the language that is not a declaration is an expression. Expressions produce a value as well as possibly causing an action such as modification of storage, transfer of control, or execution of a program loop. For example, the counterpart of an assignment "statement" in BLISS is, strictly speaking, an expression that itself has a value. The value of an expression can be either used or discarded in BLISS ... Finally, BLISS includes a macro facility that provides a level of capability usually found only in macro-assemblers.
— Bliss Language Manual, Digital Equipment Corporation (1987)[6]
The BLISS language has the following characteristics:
- All constants are full word for the machine being used, e.g. on a 16-bit machine such as the PDP-11, a constant is 16 bits; on a VAX computer, constants are 32 bits, and on a PDP-10, a constant is 36 bits.
- A reference to a variable is always to the address of that variable. For example, the instruction
Z+8
refers to adding 8 to the address of Z, not to its value. If one needs to add 8 to the value of Z, one must prefix the variable with a period; so one would type.Z+8
to perform this function, which adds 8 to the contents of Z. - Assignment is done with the standard
=
symbol, e.g.Z=8
– which says to create a full-word constant containing 8, and store it in the location whose address corresponds to that of Z. SoZ+12=14
(or, alternatively12+Z=14
though this form is considered bad practice per the BLISS documentation in Digital) places the constant 14 into the location which is 12 words after the address of Z. - Block statements are similar to those of ALGOL: a block is started with a
BEGIN
statement and terminated withEND
. As with ALGOL, statements are separated with the semicolon (";"). When a value is computed, it is saved until the next statement terminator – which means that a value can be computed, assigned to a variable, and carried forward to the next statement, if desired. Alternatively, an open parenthesis may be used to begin a block, with the close parenthesis used to close the block. When parentheses are included in an expression, the standard precedence rules are used, in which parenthesized expressions are computed first, - Conditional execution uses the
IF
expression, which tests a true-false condition, performs alternative actions, and returns a result. - Comparison uses keywords such as
EQL
for equality (as opposed to overloading the = symbol for the same purpose),GTR
for Greater Than, andNEQ
for not equal. For example, the following code will assign the absolute value of Z to the address indicated by Q:
Q = (IF .Z GTR 0 THEN .Z ELSE -.Z);
- Identifiers (variables and constants) must be declared before use, typically using the
OWN
keyword. Declaring a variable normally causes the compiler to allocate space for it; when necessary, a variable may be assigned a fixed machine address via theBIND
declaration. This feature is primarily used for accessing either machine registers or certain special addresses. - Subroutines in the language are called routines, and are declared with the keyword
ROUTINE
. - Macros, which allow for text substitution, are declared with the keyword
MACRO
. - The language supports arrays, which are referred to as structures, and declared with the keyword
VECTOR
. - The language supports some high-level programming language constructs such as:
- Alternative execution paths via the
CASE
expression - Looping through use of the
INCR
expression, which is similar to ALGOL's FOR statement - Built-in string functions
- Certain automatic data conversions (number to string, etc.)
- Alternative execution paths via the
Source example
The following example is taken verbatim from the Bliss Language Manual:[6]
MODULE E1 (MAIN = CTRL) =
BEGIN
FORWARD ROUTINE
CTRL,
STEP;
ROUTINE CTRL =
!+
! This routine inputs a value, operates on it, and
! then outputs the result.
!-
BEGIN
EXTERNAL ROUTINE
GETNUM, ! Input a number from terminal
PUTNUM; ! Output a number to terminal
LOCAL
X, ! Storage for input value
Y; ! Storage for output value
GETNUM(X);
Y = STEP(.X);
PUTNUM(.Y)
END;
ROUTINE STEP(A) =
!+
! This routine adds 1 to the given value.
!-
(.A+1);
END
ELUDOM
Versions
- BLISS-10
- BLISS-11 - a cross compiler for the PDP-11
- BLISS-16
- BLISS-16C - DEC version of BLISS-11
- BLISS-32
- BLISS-36
- BLISS-64
- Common BLISS - portable subset
Notes
- ^ Wulf, William A. (June 23, 2015). "An Interview with WILLIAM A. WULF OH 477" (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Jeffrey R. Yost. Charlottesville, Virginia.
- ^ a b c d e f g Brender, Ronald F. (2002). "The BLISS programming language: a history" (PDF). Software: Practice and Experience. 32 (10): 955–981. doi:10.1002/spe.470. S2CID 45466625.
- ^ MacLaren, Don (August 27, 1987). "DECWest Compiler Project, Description, and Plan" (PDF). Bitsavers.org.
- ^ da Cruz, Frank (16 September 1987). "News about Kermit Programs for VAX/VMS". Info-Kermit Digest (Mailing list). Kermit Project, Columbia University. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
Kermit-32 is written in the Bliss language, DEC's "corporate implementation language" (originally developed at CMU). Bliss never gained popularity among DEC's customers; few sites have Bliss compilers.
- ^ "2017 LLVM Developers' Meeting: J. Reagan "Porting OpenVMS using LLVM"". YouTube. 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
- ^ a b Bliss Language Manual, Digital Equipment Corporation (1987)
References
- Wulf, W. A.; Russell, D. B.; Habermann, A. N. (December 1971). "BLISS: A Language for Systems Programming" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 14 (12): 780–790. doi:10.1145/362919.362936. S2CID 9564255. Also: "BLISS: A Language for Systems Programming". (PostScript)
- Wulf, W. A.; Johnson, R. K.; Weinstock, C. B.; Hobbs, S. O.; Geschke, C. M. (1975). The Design of an Optimizing Compiler. New York: Elsevier, ISBN 0-444-00158-1.
- Brender, Ronald F. (2002). "The BLISS programming language: a history" (PDF). Software: Practice and Experience. 32 (10): 955–981. doi:10.1002/spe.470. S2CID 45466625.
External links
- BLISS Manual at DECUS
- Lehotsky, Alan; a post about BLISS at DEC
- Madison, Matthew D.; Session notes for "Introduction to BLISS" (PostScript)