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Bajan English - Wikipedia

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Barbadian English
Bajan English
Region	Commonwealth Caribbean
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian Anglic English Caribbean English Barbadian English
Early forms	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Old English Middle English Early Modern English
Writing system	English alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	`en-BB`

English language
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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Barbadian or Bajan English (/ˈbeɪdʒən/ BAY-jən) is a dialect of the English language as used by Barbadians (Bajans) and by Barbadian diasporas.^[1]

Pronunciation

Barbadian English is fully rhotic and full of glottal stops. One example of Barbadian English would be the pronunciation of departments, which is IPA: [dɪˈpaːɹʔmənʔs]. It is also notable, in comparison with standard American or British English, for the first vowel in price or prize.^[1]^[2]

The realization of the KIT vowel /ɪ/ in Barbadian English is pretty much the same as in American English, the default [ɪ].
The DRESS vowel /ɛ/ is [ɛ].
The TRAP vowel /æ/ is usually [a].
The LOT vowel /ɒ/ is usually [ɑ] or [ɒ].
The STRUT vowel /ʌ/ is the same as in the US English, [ʌ].
The FOOT vowel /ʊ/ is [ʊ].
The FLEECE vowel /iː/ is [iː]. HAPPY is best identified as an allophone of this phoneme, thus /ˈhapiː/.
The FACE diphthong /eɪ/ varies by region and education/class: it manifests in educated speech generally as [eː] or sometimes [eɪ], and in rural and uneducated speech as the vowel [ɛ].
The PALM vowel /ɑː/ is mostly [aː]. The BATH diaphoneme is mostly to be identified with this vowel (see trap-bath split)
The THOUGHT vowel /ɔː/ is [ɑː] or [ɒː].
The GOAT diphthong /oʊ/ is generally [oː] or [oə].
The NEAR /ɪər/ and SQUARE /ɛər/ sequences are both [eːɹ], resulting in the near-square merger.
The START sequence /ɑːr/ is [aːɹ].
The NORTH sequence /ɔːr/ is usually [ɑːɹ] or [ɒːɹ].
The FORCE sequence /ɔːr/ and the CURE sequence /ʊər/ are both usually [oːɹ].
The NURSE vowel /ɜːr/ is [ɤ].
The GOOSE vowel /uː/ is mostly [uː].
The PRICE diphthong /aɪ/ is generally [ʌɪ].
The CHOICE diphthong /ɔɪ/ is either [ʌɪ] or [oɪ].
The MOUTH diphthong /aʊ/ is [ʌʊ].
The final LETTER vowel /ər/ is [ɤ].
The final HORSES vowel /ɪ/ is [ɪ].
The final COMMA vowel /ə/ is [ə].
The TRAP and LOT vowels are not merged in Barbadian English. However the vowels of LOT, CLOTH, and THOUGHT are generally merged.

References

^ ^a ^b Schneider, E.W., and Kortmann, B. " A Handbook of Varieties of English: Morphology and syntax ". Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. In [1],
^ Michelle Straw, Peter L. Patrick. " Dialect acquisition of glottal variation in /t/: Barbadians in Ipswich ". Language Sciences 29 (2007) 385–407. In [2],

Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent

Europe

Great
Britain

England

North	Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside Teesside Yorkshire
Midlands	East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent
South	East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset

Americas

Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South Appalachia High Tider New Orleans Older Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania
Social and ethno-cultural	African-American vernacular American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Miami Latino New York Latino Pennsylvania Dutch

Caribbean

Oceania

Australia	variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West
Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands

Africa

Asia

East Asia	Hong Kong
South Asia	Bangladesh India regional and occupational Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia	Brunei Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore

English-speaking world

Further links

Articles

Lists

Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
Africa	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Americas	Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands
Europe	Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom
Oceania	Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands

Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
Africa	Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Americas	Puerto Rico
Asia	Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore
Europe	Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta
Oceania	American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu

Dependencies shown in italics.

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Pronunciation

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References