Battle of Çamurlu

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Battle of Çamurlu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Battle of Çamurlu

Part of the Ottoman Interregnum

Date	5 July 1413
Location	Çamurlu, near modern-day Samokov, Bulgaria^[2]
Result	Mehmed's victory End of the Ottoman Interregnum; reunification of the Ottoman state Mehmed becomes the sole ruler

Belligerents

Mehmed's forces
Serbian Despotate
Dulkadirids^[1]

Musa's forces

Commanders and leaders

Mehmed Çelebi
Stefan Lazarević

Musa Çelebi

Strength

10,000

Unknown

v t e Ottoman Interregnum
Ulubad Kosmidion Edirne İnceğiz Çamurlu

The Battle of Çamurlu was fought on 5 July 1413 between Musa Çelebi and Mehmed Çelebi, both sons of Bayezid I, as the last conflict of the Ottoman civil war known as the Ottoman Interregnum. The battle decided which son of Bayezid I would finally reunite the Ottoman Empire, with Mehmed Çelebi becoming Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire.

Mehmed's invasion and final battle

[edit]

After suppressing Cüneyt Bey's revolt, Mehmed Çelebi gathered his troops at Ankara. With his Dulkadirid father-in-law, he began planning an invasion of Rumelia (the European part of the empire and Musa's stronghold) to defeat his brother, Musa. On his march to Bursa, Mehmed gained contingents of troops from western Anatolia. Upon reaching the straits, Mehmed's army was given passage by ships loaned from Manuel II Palaiologos, who supplied Mehmed with some troops.

Mehmed marched his army from Constantinople to Edirne. He then marched onto Kosovo to join forces with his ally (and also half-uncle) Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević, along with receiving information from Ewrenos concerning possible defections during the battle.^[3]

Both armies met at Çamurlu, near modern-day Samokov, south east of Sofia, Bulgaria. Initially, Musa appeared to be winning the battle despite the defection of Pasha Yigit and Sinan Bey of Trikkala.^[3] However, the tide of the battle turned in favor of Mehmed, with the help of Serb and Byzantine troops, and Musa Çelebi fled.^[4]

Aftermath

[edit]

Following the battle, Musa Çelebi was captured and strangled.^[5] This battle re-established the unity of the Ottoman state, under the control of Mehmed I.^[6]

Notes

[edit]

^ "FETRET DEVRİ Ankara Savaşı'ndan sonra Yıldırım Bayezid'in oğullarının birbirleriyle saltanat mücadelesi yaptıkları dönem (1402-1413)".
^ International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties, Ed. Nagendra Kr Singh, (Anmol Publications Pvt.Ltd., 2005), 77.
^ ^a ^b Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, Ed. C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs and Ch. Pellat, (E.J.Brill, 1993), 699.
^ Bertold Spuler, Frank Ronald Charles Bagley, Hans Joachim Kissling, The Last Great Muslim Empires: History of the Muslim World, (Markus Weiner Publishers, 1996), 14.
^ Nicol, Donald MacGillivray, The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, (Cambridge University Press, 1972), 327.
^ First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936, Ed. M. Th Houtsma, (BRILL, 1993), 658.

v t e Ottoman Interregnum
Background	Rise of the Ottoman Empire Murad I Bayezid I Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) Crusade of Nicopolis Timur Battle of Ankara
Events	Siege of Smyrna Battle of Tripolje Treaty of Gallipoli Battle of Ulubad Battle of Kosmidion Battle of Edirne Siege of Constantinople (1411) Treaty of Selymbria Battle of İnceğiz Battle of Çamurlu
Ottoman princes and leaders	Mehmed I Süleyman Çelebi İsa Çelebi Musa Çelebi Mustafa Çelebi Çandarlızade Ali Pasha Imamzade Halil Pasha Bayezid Pasha Evrenos Pasha Yiğit Bey Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey Turahan Bey Sheikh Bedreddin
Neighbouring rulers and leaders	Junayd Bey (Aydın) Manuel II Palaiologos (Byzantine Empire) John VII Palaiologos (Byzantine Empire) Demetrios Laskaris Leontares (Byzantine Empire) Nasireddin Mehmed Bey (Dulkadir) Yakup II (Germiyan) Philibert de Naillac (Hospitallers) Íñigo de Alfaro (Hospitallers) İsfendiyar Bey Mehmed II (Karaman) Stefan Lazarević (Serbia) Đurađ Branković (Serbia) Vuk Lazarević (Serbia) Mircea I (Wallachia)

Battles involving the Ottoman Empire by era

Rise
(1299–1453)

Land battles

Naval battles

Gallipoli

Classical Age
(1453–1550)

Land battles

Naval battles

Transformation
(1550–1700)

Land battles

Naval battles

Old Regime
(1700–1789)

Land battles	Chelif Oran Pruth Petrovaradin 2nd Belgrade Kurijan Samarra Kirkuk Yeghevārd Ganja Banja Luka Grocka Perekop 1st Ochakov Stavunchany 1st Kars Khresili Aspindza Larga Kagul Kozludzha Kinburn 2nd Ochakov Mehadia Karánsebes
Naval battles	Imbros Matapan Çeşme Patras 1st Kerch Strait 2nd Ochakov Fidonisi

Modernization
(1789–1908)

Land battles

Naval battles

For 20th-century battles before 1914 see List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
For the battles during World War I see List of Ottoman battles in World War I

Ottoman victories are in italics.

Wars and battles involving Serbs

Medieval

Serbian–Bulgarian	Bulgar–Serb War (839–842) Bulgar–Serb War (853) Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt Bulgarian-Serb War (998) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330) Battle of Velbazhd
Serbian–Ottoman	Early skirmishes Battle of Gallipoli Battle of Stephaniana Battle of Demotika in 1352 Battle of Sırp Sındığı in 1364 Fall of the Serbian Empire Battle of Maritsa in 1371 Battle of Dubravnica in 1381 Battle of Savra in 1385 Battle of Pločnik in 1386 Battle of Kosovo in 1389 Serbian Despotate Battle of Karanovasa Battle of Tripolje in 1402 Siege of Novo Brdo in 1412 Battle of Vitosha Pass in 1413 Battle of Carmorlu First Scutari War Second Scutari War Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437 Battle of Trnava (1430) Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438 Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444) Crusade of Varna Battle of Nish (1443) Battle of Zlatitsa in 1443 Battle of Kunovica in 1444 Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455) Battle of Kruševac in 1454 Battle of Leskovac in 1454 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456 Siege of Belgrade Siege of Smederevo Ottoman invasion and conquest of Serbia in 1459 Battle of Breadfield in 1479 Ottoman conquest of Zeta in 1499
Serbian–Byzantine	Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 Battle of Bar Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje Battle of Zvečan (1094) Battle of Haram Siege of Ras (1127) Battle of Tara (1150) Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155) Siege of Braničevo (1154) Battle of Pantina Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos (1334) Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
Other	Hungarian invasions of Europe Magyar–Serb conflict Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) Battle of Sirmium Battle of Gacko Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia Mačva War Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324) War of Hum (1326–1329) Serbian civil war of 1331 Serbian nobility conflict (1369) Battle of Rovine Battle of Nicopolis Battle of Ankara Battle of Kosmidion Battle of Çamurlu Battle of Despotovac Siege of Belgrade (1440) Battle of Kosovo (1448) Fall of Constantinople

Foreign rule

Habsburgs	Jovan Nenad's uprising Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 Battle of Szőlős Battle of Sződfalva Battle of Keresztes Great Turkish War Siege of Belgrade (1688) Battle of Batočina Battle of Niš (1689) Siege of Belgrade (1690) Battle of Lugos Rákóczi's War of Independence Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705) Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) Siege of Belgrade (1717) Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Battle of Zsibó Battle of Trenčín Battle of Petrovaradin Battle of Banja Luka Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
Ottomans	Long War (Ottoman wars) (1593–1606) Banat Uprising (1594) Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 Battle of Mohács (1687) Uprising in Vučitrn Serb uprising of 1737–1739 Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion Battle of Martinići (1796) Battle of Krusi Battle of Lopate
Venice	Morean War Cretan War (1645–1669) Great Turkish War Battle on Vrtijeljka Battle of Slankamen Battle of Senta
Russia	Serbian Hussar Regiment Pruth River Campaign War of the Polish Succession Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Seven Years' War

19th century

Serbian Revolution	First Serbian Uprising Vračar Rudnik Svileuva Batočina and Jagodina Kragujevac Drlupa Čokešina Šabac Požarevac Karanovac Adakale Ivankovac Rudnik Vrbica Mišar Deligrad Belgrade (1806) Liberation of Belgrade Loznica Malajnica and Štubik Čegar Jasika Prahovo Suvodol Drina Varvarin Loznica Mačva Ravnje Hadži Prodan's Revolt Second Serbian Uprising Ljubić Čačak Palež Požarevac Rudnik Družetić Kragujevac Jagodina Karanovac Batočina Užice Valjevo Batočina
Ottoman	Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853) Battle of Grahovac Battle of Kolašin Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862) Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878) Battle of Vučji Do Battle of Fundina Battles for Plav and Gusinje Velika attacks Battle of Novšiće Battle of Murino
Other	Kumanovo uprising Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 Jančić's rebellion Priest Jovica's Rebellion Several battles of Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Battle of Vršac (1849) Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878) Battle of Vranje Siege of Cattaro Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862) Krivošije uprising (1869) Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) AU-BiH War Battle of Jajce (1878) Battle of Vitez (1878) Battle of Sarajevo (1878) Serbo-Bulgarian War Battle of Pirot Battle of Slivnitsa

20th century

Macedonian Struggle	Fight on Šuplji Kamen Fight on Čelopek Fight in Tabanovce Fight in Velika Hoča Fight on Čelopek (1906) Battle of Pirot (1913)
Balkan Wars	First Balkan War Battle of Kumanovo Battle of Prilep Battle of Monastir Siege of Scutari Siege of Adrianople Siege of Odrin (1912–1913) Second Balkan War Battle of Bregalnica Battle of Kalimanci Battle of Knjaževac Siege of Vidin (1913) Ohrid–Debar uprising
World War I	Montenegrin campaign Battle of Mojkovac Battle of Lovćen Serbian campaign Battle of Cer Battle of the Crna Bend (1916) Battle of Bazargic Battle of Dobro Pole Battle of the Drina Battle of Florina Battle of Kaymakchalan Battle of Kolubara Kosovo offensive (1915) Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918) Battle of Malka Nidzhe Macedonian front Monastir offensive Morava Offensive Ovče Pole Offensive Vardar offensive Srem Offensive Toplica Uprising
Interwar	Carinthia War Uprising in Drenica Christmas Uprising Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921) Drenica-Junik Uprising
World War II	Invasion of Yugoslavia Uprising in Serbia (1941) Uprising in Montenegro (1941) June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina Battle of Novi Pazar Battle of Pljevlja Battle of Kozara Battle of Loznica (1941) Battle of Livno Battle of Neretva Battle of the Sutjeska Raid on Drvar Battle of Knin Battle of Mostar Battle of Lijevče Field 1942 Montenegro offensive Bihać Operation Battle of Batina Belgrade Offensive Capture of Banja Koviljača Case Black Case White Operation Draufgänger Kozara Offensive Battle of Kupres (1942) Battle of Višegrad Mostar operation Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive Niš operation Battle of Odžak Capture of Olovo (1941) Operation Alfa Operation Delphin Operation Kopaonik Operation Kugelblitz Operation Mihailovic Operation Southeast Croatia Operation Trio Operation Uzice Battle of Poljana Operation Prijedor Siege of Rogatica (1941) Operation Rösselsprung (1944) Kosovo Operation (1944) Operation Spring Awakening Srb uprising Stratsin-Kumanovo operation Syrmian Front Battle of Zvornik Battle of Sarajevo (1945) Battle of Zelengora
Croatian War	Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident Battle of Borovo Selo Operation Stinger 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Battle of Osijek Battle of Vukovar Battle of Gospić Battle of Šibenik Battle of Zadar Battle of Kusonje Battle of the Barracks Siege of Varaždin Barracks Siege of Bjelovar Barracks Battle of the Dalmatian Channels Siege of Dubrovnik Operation Otkos 10 Operation Orkan 91 Operation Whirlwind Operation Baranja Operation Jackal Battle of the Miljevci Plateau Operation Tiger Operation Maslenica Operation Medak Pocket Operation Winter '94 Operation Flash Operation Summer '95 Operation Storm
Bosnian War	Battle of Bosanski Brod Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Siege of Srebrenica Siege of Goražde Siege of Doboj Operation Jackal Siege of Bihać (1992–95) Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Operation Bura Kravica attack Siege of Mostar Operation Irma Operation Bøllebank Operation Tiger Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Operation Spider Operation Winter '94 Battle of Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Operation Summer '95 Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995 Pale air strikes Operation Deny Flight Operation Deliberate Force Operation Maritime Monitor
Kosovo War	Insurgency in Kosovo Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998) Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999) April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush Attack on Orahovac Attack on Prekaz Battle of Lođa Battle of Oraovica Battle of Belaćevac Mine Battle of Podujevo December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush Battle of Glođane July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes Battle of Junik Battle of Košare Insurgency in the Preševo Valley Prizren incident (1999) NATO bombing of Yugoslavia Dubrava Prison bombings and executions 1999 F-117A shootdown

21st century

Peacekeeping	Central African Republic Cyprus DR Congo Ivory Coast Lebanon Liberia Mali Somalia

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