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Black jackrabbit - Wikipedia

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Black jackrabbit

Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Lagomorpha
Family:	Leporidae
Genus:	Lepus
Species:	L. insularis
Binomial name
*Lepus insularis* W. Bryant, 1891

Range of the black jackrabbit

The black jackrabbit (Lepus insularis) is a species of mammal in the family Leporidae. Endemic to Mexico, its only known location is Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California. The IUCN has listed this species as a "vulnerable species" because of its restricted range. This taxon is regarded by some authorities as being a subspecies of the black-tailed jackrabbit (L. californicus), found on the mainland of Mexico.^[2]

Description

The black jackrabbit grows to a length around 55 cm (22 in) including a tail of 9.5 cm (4 in). The top of the head, upper surface of the body, and upper side of the tail are glossy black sheened with brown. The sides of the head, body, and limbs are dark cinnamon or buffy-brown and the underparts and underside of the tail are usually some lighter shade of brown. The eyes are surrounded by a ring of grey and the insides of the ears are greyish-black and fringed with long, grey hairs.^[3]

Habitat and ecology

The black jackrabbit is endemic to the Island of Espiritu Santo just off the coast of Baja California in Mexico.^[4] It is found on grassy and rocky slopes, plateaus, dunes, and valley bottoms, typically on bare slopes and among grasses, herbs, shrubs, and cacti.^[4]

The black jackrabbit is very conspicuous as its black colouring stands out against the browns, greys, and greens of its surroundings. It is closely related to the black-tailed jackrabbit on the Mexican mainland, but the latter species is exposed to terrestrial predators and does not display melanism. On the island, large predators are absent. The black jackrabbit shares its habitat with the Espíritu Santo antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus insularis), the spiny pocket mouse (Chaetodipus spinatus), the cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus), the desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida), and the ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus astutus). Also present are a number of species of lizards and snakes and two predatory birds, the crested caracara (Caracara cheriway) and the American kestrel (Falco sparverius).^[3]

Status

Since the black jackrabbit is only found on the island of Espiritu Santo, its total range covers only 95 km² (37 sq mi), the area of the island.^[4] However, it is common over much of the island and the population appears to be stable. The chief threats it faces are from the introduction of non-native species and the disturbance of its habitat by humans, and the IUCN has rated its conservation status as being "near threatened".^[4] The island is uninhabited and is protected by the government of Mexico as part of the Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna: Islas del Golfo de California.^[5] It is a favoured ecotourism destination and in 1995 was declared to be part of a Biosphere Reserve, Islas del Golfo de California, by UNESCO.^[6]

References

^ Lorenzo, C.; Johnston, C.H. (2019). "Lepus insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11794A45177986. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11794A45177986.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b Thomas, Howard H.; Best, Troy L. (1994). "Lepus insularis". Mammalian Species (2): 1–3. doi:10.2307/3504295. JSTOR 3504295.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008). "Lepus insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T11794A3308250. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11794A3308250.en.
^ Áreas de Protección de Flora y Fauna - Islas del Golfo de California Archived 2015-03-28 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Mexico (in Spanish)
^ UNESCO, Islas del Golfo de California Biosphere Reserve, UNESCO Biosphere Programme.

Extant Lagomorpha species

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Eutheria
Superorder Euarchontoglires

Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)

Ochotona

Family Leporidae (Rabbits and Hares)

Pentalagus	Amami rabbit (P. furnessi)
Bunolagus	Riverine rabbit (B. monticularis)
Nesolagus	Sumatran striped rabbit (N. netscheri) Annamite striped rabbit (N. timminsi)
Romerolagus	Volcano rabbit (R. diazi)
Brachylagus	Pygmy rabbit (B. idahoensis)
Sylvilagus (Cottontail rabbits)	Subgenus Tapeti: Andean tapeti (S. andinus) Swamp rabbit (S. aquaticus) Common tapeti (S. brasiliensis) Dice's cottontail (S. dicei) Central American tapeti (S. gabbi) Omilteme cottontail (S. insonus) Marsh rabbit (S. palustris) Suriname tapeti (S. parentum) Santa Marta tapeti (S. sanctaemartae) Coastal tapeti (S. tapetillus) Venezuelan lowland rabbit (S. varynaensis) Subgenus Sylvilagus: Desert cottontail (S. audubonii) Mexican cottontail (S. cunicularis) Eastern cottontail (S. floridanus) Tres Marias rabbit (S. graysoni) Mountain cottontail (S. nuttallii) Appalachian cottontail (S. obscurus) Robust cottontail (S. holzneri) New England cottontail (S. transitionalis) Subgenus Microlagus: Brush rabbit (S. bachmani)
Oryctolagus	European rabbit (O. cuniculus)
Poelagus	Bunyoro rabbit (P. marjorita)
Pronolagus (Red rock hares)	Natal red rock hare (P. crassicaudatus) Jameson's red rock hare (P. randensis) Smith's red rock hare (P. rupestris) Hewitt's red rock hare (P. saundersiae)
Caprolagus	Hispid hare (C. hispidus)
Lepus (Hares)	Subgenus Macrotolagus: Antelope jackrabbit (L. alleni) Subgenus Poecilolagus: Snowshoe hare (L. americanus) Subgenus Lepus: Arctic hare (L. arcticus) Alaskan hare (L. othus) Mountain hare (L. timidus) Subgenus Proeulagus: Black jackrabbit (L. insularis) Desert hare (L. tibetanus) Tolai hare (L. tolai) Subgenus Eulagos: Broom hare (L. castroviejoi) Yunnan hare (L. comus) Korean hare (L. coreanus) European hare (L. europaeus) Manchurian hare (L. mandshuricus) Ethiopian highland hare (L. starcki) Subgenus Sabanalagus: Ethiopian hare (L. fagani) African savanna hare (L. victoriae) Subgenus Indolagus: Hainan hare (L. hainanus) Indian hare (L. nigricollis) Burmese hare (L. peguensis) Subgenus Sinolagus: Chinese hare (L. sinensis) Subgenus Tarimolagus: Yarkand hare (L. yarkandensis) Subgenus incertae sedis: Tamaulipas jackrabbit (L. altamirae) Japanese hare (L. brachyurus) Black-tailed jackrabbit (L. californicus) White-sided jackrabbit (L. callotis) Cape hare (L. capensis) Corsican hare (L. corsicanus) Tehuantepec jackrabbit (L. flavigularis) Granada hare (L. granatensis) Abyssinian hare (L. habessinicus) Woolly hare (L. oiostolus) Scrub hare (L. saxatilis) White-tailed jackrabbit (L. townsendii)

Taxon identifiers
Lepus insularis	Wikidata: Q167882 Wikispecies: Lepus insularis CoL: 6PPZH EoL: 115718 GBIF: 2436718 iNaturalist: 43120 IRMNG: 10766020 ITIS: 625347 IUCN: 11794 MSW: 13500181 NCBI: 795836 Observation.org: 84387 Open Tree of Life: 90802

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