Brazzaville Protocol

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Brazzaville Protocol - Wikipedia

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Brazzaville Protocol
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of the People's Republic of Angola for the Conclusions of the Internationalist Mission of the Cuban Military Contingent
Type	Peace treaty
Context	Cold War
Signed	13 December 1988; 36 years ago (1988-12-13)
Location	Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
Signatories	Isidoro Malmierca Peoli _{(Foreign Minister of Cuba)} Afonso Van-Dunem _{(Foreign Minister of Angola})
Parties	Cuba Angola South Africa
Languages	Portuguese Spanish

The Brazzaville Protocol (Official name; Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of the People's Republic of Angola for the Conclusions of the Internationalist Mission of the Cuban Military Contingent)^[1] mandated the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, paving the way for Namibia's independence through the New York Accords.^[2] Representatives from the governments of Angola, Cuba, and South Africa signed the protocol on December 13, 1988 in Brazzaville, Congo.^[3]

Negotiation

In 1981, Chester Crocker, U.S. assistant secretary of state for African affairs for newly elected President Ronald Reagan, had developed a linkage policy, tying apartheid South Africa's agreement to relinquish control of Namibia to Cuba's troop withdrawal and peace in Angola.^[3]^[4]

During the summer of 1986, a first informal meeting was organized by French businessman Jean-Yves Ollivier and French president's counselor for African affairs Jean-Christophe Mitterrand between senior South African, Mozambican and Angolan representatives, in the Kalahari Desert.

On September 10, 1986, Fidel Castro made Crocker's proposal a prerequisite to withdrawal from Angola. The South African government did as well. The Angolan and American governments began negotiating in June 1987, and the Cuban government joined negotiations on January 28, 1988. All three parties held a round of negotiations on March 9 in London.

Meanwhile, UNITA and South African forces stopped and repelled an MPLA advance on UNITA regions in strongholds in Southern Angola ending with the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale in Cuando Cubango province from January 13 to March 23, 1988. This was the largest conventional battle in Africa since World War II.^[5] UNITA and South Africa retreated after a 15-hour battle on March 23 and moved for negotiations.^[3]^[6]

On May 3, the South African government joined the negotiations around Crocker's proposal, and all four parties met in June and August in New York City and Geneva. All parties approved an outline agreement of Principles for a Peaceful Settlement in South Western Africa on July 20,^[7] and agreed to a ceasefire on August 8.^[8] The agreement was finally signed on December 13, 1988.^[9]

External links

Full text of the Brazzaville Protocol, UN Peacemaker
All peace agreements for Angola, UN Peacemaker

References

^ "Protocol of Brazzaville". United Nations.
^ Kahn, Owen Ellison (1991). Disengagement from Southwest Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia. p. 225.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. pp. 38–40.
^ COLD WAR Chat: Chester Crocker, Former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Archived 2004-08-31 at the Wayback Machine CNN
^ George, Edward. The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale, 2005. Page 1.
^ Kahn, Owen Ellison. Disengagement from Southwest Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia, 1991. University of Miami Institute for Soviet and East. Page 79.
^ Agreement Among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa Archived 2009-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ Alao, Abiodun. Brothers at War: Dissidence and Rebellion in Southern Africa, 1994. Pages XIX-XXI.
^ Claiborne, William (1988-12-14). "CUBA, ANGOLA, SOUTH AFRICA SIGN ACCORD". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-04-13.

v t e Foreign relations of Angola
Africa	Cape Verde Democratic Republic of the Congo Kenya Mozambique Namibia Nigeria South Africa Zimbabwe
Americas	Argentina Brazil Cuba Mexico United States Uruguay
Asia	China India Indonesia Israel Japan Turkey Vietnam
Europe	France Germany Italy Norway Portugal Russia Serbia Spain
Former	Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Missions	Diplomatic missions in Angola / of Angola
Related topics	Minister of External Relations

v t e Foreign relations of Cuba
Africa	Angola Ethiopia Kenya Namibia Sahrawi Republic South Africa
Americas	Argentina Bahamas Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Dominican Republic Grenada Guatemala Haiti Jamaica Mexico Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela
Asia	Azerbaijan Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Turkey Vietnam
Europe	France Germany Greece Holy See Ireland Kosovo Poland Russia Serbia Spain United Kingdom
Oceania	Kiribati Solomon Islands Tuvalu Vanuatu
Former	Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Multilateral relations	ACS ALBA Caribbean Community (CARICOM) CELAC European Union OAS Oceania OEI Rio Group UNECLAC
Diplomatic missions	Diplomatic missions of Cuba / in Cuba
Related topics	Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister Internationalism Military Medical Foreign interventions
Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs

v t e South African Border War
Participants	South Africa (SADF, SWATF) SWAPO (PLAN) Angola (FAPLA) UNITA Cuba
Related conflicts	Angolan Civil War Internal resistance to apartheid Cold War
Background	German South West Africa South African administration Bondelswarts affair 1946 referendum Apartheid (Bantustans in South West Africa) Decolonisation of Africa Old Location shootings Ovamboland People's Organization
Events	1966: Battle of Omugulugwombashe 1970: Alcora Exercise 1975: Alvor Agreement Operation Savannah Cuban intervention in Angola Turnhalle Convention 1978: Operation Reindeer (Battle of Cassinga) Settlement Proposal 1979: Operation Rekstok Operation Saffraan 1980: Operation Sceptic 1981: Operation Protea Operation Daisy Operation Kerslig 1983: Operation Askari 1984: Lusaka Accords Angola–Cuba Declaration 1985: Operation Argon Operation Magneto Operation Wallpaper Aeroflot An-12 shoot-down 1986: Operation Alpha Centauri 1987: Battle of Cuito Cuanavale begins Operation Moduler Operation Hooper 1988: Operation Packer Operation Displace Operation Excite/Hilti Brazzaville Protocol Tripartite Accord Oshakati bombing 1989: Operation Merlyn
Aftermath	United Nations Transition Assistance Group (Australian contribution) 1989 Namibian parliamentary elections Caprivi conflict Bicesse Accords
Memorials	Heroes' Acre Freedom Park Fort Klapperkop
Related topics	32 Battalion Cassinga Day Cuba–Angola airbridge Constructive engagement Democratic International End Conscription Campaign Heroes' Day Koevoet Operation IA Feature South Africa and weapons of mass destruction (Project Coast) Southern Africa Freedom Trail Western Contact Group
Category Battles and operations

Negotiation

See also

External links

References