Kanyakumari
Cape Comorin | |
|---|---|
Town | |
| Kanniyakumari | |
 Vivekananda Rock Memorial, Kanyakumari | |
| Nicknames: Kumari, Thiruvenisangam | |
  Kanyakumari Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu  Kanyakumari Kanyakumari (India) | |
| Coordinates: 8°05′18″N 77°32′19″E / 8.088300°N 77.538500°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Kanyakumari |
| Named after | Devi Kanya Kumari |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Body | Kanyakumari Municipality |
| • District Collector | Alagumeena R, IAS |
| • District commissioner | Stalin R, IPS |
| • Member of Parliament | Vijay Vasanth |
| • Member of Legislative Assembly | Thalavai Sundaram |
| • Municipality leader | Kumari Stephen |
| Area | |
• Total | 25.89 km2 (10.00 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 60 m (200 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 29,761 |
| • Density | 665/km2 (1,720/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 629 702 |
| Telephone code | 91-4652 & 91-4651 |
| Vehicle registration | TN 74 & TN 75 |
| Website | www |
Kanyakumari (lit. 'The virgin Girl', referring to Devi Kanya Kumari,[1] officially known as Kanniyakumari,[2] formerly known as Cape Comorin)[3] is a town and municipality in Kanyakumari district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is the southernmost tip of the contiguous Indian subcontinent and the southernmost city in mainland India, and thus it is informally referred to as "The Land's End".[4] Kanyakumari town is about 90 kilometres (56 mi) from Thiruvananthapuram and 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Nagercoil, the headquarters of Kanyakumari district.
Kanyakumari is a popular tourist destination and pilgrimage centre in India. Notable tourist spots include its unique sunrise and sunset points, the 41-metre (133 ft) Thiruvalluvar Statue, and Vivekananda Rock Memorial off the coast.[5] Lying at the tip of peninsular India, the town is bordered on the west, south, and east by the Laccadive Sea.[6] It has a coastline of 71.5 kilometres (44.4 mi) stretched along these three sides.[7]
On the shores of the city is a temple dedicated to the goddess Kanya Kumari (the unmarried goddess), after which the town is named.[8] Kanyakumari has been a town since the Sangam period and was referred to in old Tamil and Malayalam literature and in the accounts of Ptolemy and Marco Polo.[8][9][10]
History
Etymology
The place derives its name from the goddess Kanya Kumari, considered to be the sister of Krishna.[11] The goddess is believed to remove the rigidity from the mind, and women pray for marriage at her temple. In 1656, the Dutch East India Company conquered Portuguese Ceylon from the Portuguese East Indies, and the name eventually corrupted to "Comorin" and was called "Cape Comorin" during British rule in India.[12] In 2016, the town and its district were renamed to "Kanniyakumari" by the Government of India and the Government of Madras.[13][14]
Legend
According to a Hindu legend, Kanya Devi, an avatar of Parvati, was to marry Shiva, who failed to show up on his wedding day. Rice and other grains meant for the wedding feast remained uncooked and unused.[15] The uncooked grains turned into stones as time went by. Some believe that the small stones on the shore today, which look like rice, are indeed grains from the wedding that was never solemnised. Kanya Devi is now considered a virgin goddess who blesses pilgrims and tourists who flock to the town. Her temple in Kanyakumari is a Shakta pitha: a holy shrine in the Shaktism tradition of Hinduism.[16][17][18][19]
According to another Hindu legend, Hanuman dropped a piece of earth near Kanyakumari as he was carrying a mountain with his life-saving herb, Mrita Sanjivani, from the Himalayas to Lanka (Sri Lanka) during the Ramayana War. The fallen earth formed an area called Marunthuvazh Malai, literally "hills where medicine lives". This legend explains the abundance of unique native medicinal plants in the area.[20][21] Marunthuvazh Malai is located near Kottaram, about 7 km (4 mi) from Kanyakumari town on the Kanyakumari–Nagercoil highway. The sage Agasthya, who was an expert in medicinal herbs, is believed to have lived around this site in ancient days.[22][by whom?] There is an ashram on the middle of the hillside; tourists trek up to visit the ashram and to glimpse the sea near Kanyakumari town, a few kilometres away.[15]
Demographics
As per the 2011 Census, Kanyakumari town consisted of 61.16% Christians, 32.97% Hindus, and 5.47% Muslims.[23] It had a population of 19,739, comprising 9,884 males and 9,855 females, making the sex ratio (number of females per thousand males) of the town 1,003. A total of 2,403 people were under six years of age and the child sex ratio (number of females per thousand males under six years of age) stood at 1,024. The town had an average literacy of 88.62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. There were a total of 4,236 households in the town.
As of 2001, Kanyakumari had a total of 5,929 main workers: 11 cultivators, 78 agricultural labourers, 66 in household industries, and 5,774 other workers. There were a total of 119 marginal workers: 4 marginal cultivators, 3 marginal agricultural labourers, 11 marginal workers in household industries, and 101 other marginal workers.[24]
Geography
Kanyakumari is located at 8°05′N 77°34′E / 8.08°N 77.57°E [25] and has an average elevation of 30 metres. The peninsular tip of Kanyakumari is bordered on three sides by the Laccadive Sea. It is located at the confluence of the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. The nearest city is Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (85 km (53 mi) away), and the nearest town is Nagercoil, the administrative headquarters of Kanyakumari district (22 km (14 mi) away).[citation needed]
Kanyakumari is at the southern tip and is the southernmost point of the contiguous Indian subcontinent. As such, it is part of the common Hindustani phrase used to describe the length of India: "Kashmir se Kanyakumari"; before the partition, the phrase in undivided India was "Khyber se Kanyakumari".[26] However, the southernmost point of Republic of India is at Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island, at 6°45’10″N and 93°49’36″E.
Climate
The climate is a hot semi arid climate, bordering on a tropical savanna climate, influenced by monsoons.
| Climate data for Kanyakumari (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.4 (93.9) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
36.8 (98.2) |
38.2 (100.8) |
36.2 (97.2) |
36.2 (97.2) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.6 (94.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.3 (88.3) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.7 (90.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.4 (88.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.5 (74.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 19.7 (67.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 15.1 (0.59) |
7.9 (0.31) |
9.7 (0.38) |
47.4 (1.87) |
75.3 (2.96) |
74.4 (2.93) |
44.5 (1.75) |
37.1 (1.46) |
60.3 (2.37) |
154.2 (6.07) |
191.5 (7.54) |
63.2 (2.49) |
780.6 (30.73) |
| Average rainy days | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 3.6 | 46.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 67 | 68 | 71 | 75 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 80 | 76 | 69 | 75 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department[27][28][29] | |||||||||||||
Notable landmarks
Thiruvalluvar Statue
The Thiruvalluvar Statue is a 7,000-ton stone statue of poet and philosopher Valluvar. It has a height of 29 metres (95 feet) and stands upon an 11.5-metre (38 ft) rock that represents the 38 chapters of virtue in the Thirukkural. The statue standing on the rock represents wealth and pleasures, signifying that wealth and love be earned and enjoyed on the foundation of solid virtue.[30] The combined height of the statue and pedestal is 133 ft (40.5 m), denoting the 133 chapters in the Thirukkural.
The statue is reminiscent of a dancing pose of Nataraja. It was sculpted by the Indian sculptor V. Ganapati Sthapati, who also created the Iraivan Temple, and its opening ceremony was on 1 January 2000.[31] The monument was hit by the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004,[32] but stood unaffected. The statue is designed to survive earthquakes of high magnitude.[citation needed] During maintenance work, as well as during rough sea, entry is restricted for tourists.[33][34]
Vivekananda Rock Memorial
The Vivekananda Rock Memorial is a popular tourist monument in Vavathurai, Kanyakumari, India. The memorial stands on one of two rocks in the Laccadive Sea, located about 500 metres (1,600 ft) east of the mainland of Vavathurai. It was built in 1970 in honour of Swami Vivekananda who is said to have attained enlightenment on the rock.[35] According to local legends, it was on this rock that Goddess Kumari performed austerity. A meditation hall (Dhyana Mandapam) is also attached to the memorial for visitors to meditate. The design of the mandapa incorporates different styles of temple architecture from all over India. It houses a statue of Vivekananda.[36] The memorial consists of two main structures: the Vivekananda Mandapam and the Shripada Mandapam.
Bhagavathy Amman Temple
Bhagavathy Amman Temple is a 3,000-year-old temple dedicated to Goddess Kumari Amman located at Kanyakumari on the shore of the Laccadive Sea. Kumari Amman is one of the forms of Devi, popularly known as "Kumari Bhagavathy Amman". The temple is the first Durga temple created by Lord Parasurama and one of the 108 Shakthi Peethas. It is mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Purananuru.[37][38]
Gandhi Memorial Mandapam
The Gandhi Memorial Mandapam has been built on the spot where the urn containing the Mahatma's ashes was kept for public viewing before immersion. Resembling central Indian Hindu temples in form,the memorial was designed such that on Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, the first rays of the sun fall on the exact place where his ashes were kept.[36]
Kanyakumari Pier
Kanyakumari Pier or Sunset View Point is considered one of the iconic locations in Kanyakumari. It is situated at a point where three oceans meet: the Bay of Bengal, the Laccadive Sea, which is connected to the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea.[39]
Kamarajar Mani Mantapa Monument
Kamarajar Mani Mantapa Monument was raised and dedicated to K. Kamarajar, a freedom fighter, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, and President of Indian National Congress. He is also popularly known as "Black Gandhi" among the masses. Like the Gandhi Memorial Mandapam, this monument is where Kamarajar's ashes were kept for the public to pay homage before immersion into the sea.[40]
Tsunami Memorial Park
Near Kanyakumari's southern shore stands a monument to the memory of those who died in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, an underwater megathrust earthquake that claimed around 230,000 lives in many countries, including India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, Thailand, Maldives, and Indonesia.[41]
Localities
Tourism
The state-owned Poompuhar Shipping Corporation runs ferry services between the town and the Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar Statue, both situated on rocky islets off the coast. The operation of the ferry service began in 1984. Two ferries were used until June 2013, after which a third ferry was added to the service on the occasion of 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda.[42]
Transport
Roadways
There are two major National Highways (NH) roads originating from Kanniyakumari town. One is the National Highway 44 which connects Kanniyakumari with Srinagar of Jammu & Kashmir. NH 44 connects North India with South India. The road passes through Madurai, Hosur, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Jhansi, Delhi and Jalandhar. It covers 3745 kilometres. The other is the National Highway 66 that connects Kanniyakumari with Panvel (38 km from Mumbai) in Maharashtra. NH 66 roughly runs north–south parallel to the western ghats. It passes through Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode, Mangaluru, Udupi, Margoa and Ratnagiri. Nagercoil, the district capital is well connected with the rest of Tamil Nadu.
SETC Buses
The government transport body State Express Transport Corporation (SETC) is operating direct buses to Chennai, Ootacamund, Coimbatore, Vellore, Chidambaram, Thiruchirappalli, Kodaikanal, Tirupur, Erode, Kalpakkam, Velankanni, and Thiruvannamalai. It also operates direct buses to Bengaluru, Pondicherry and Tirupati. Some bus services to the aforesaid destinations are originating from Kanniyakumari, Colachel, Marthandam, Kulasekaram, Kaliyakkavilai, and Thiruvananthapuram.
TNSTC Buses
Another government transport body known as Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (TNSTC) operates direct buses to various destinations inside Tamil Nadu. Some of the terminating stations are Chennai, Tiruppur, Periyakulam, Kodaikanal, Rameswaram, Thiruchirappalli, Dindigul, Thanjavur, Palani, Salem, Coimbatore, Karaikudi, Kumily, Bodinayakkanur, Erode, and Sivakasi. Most of these buses starts their journey from Nagercoil while some buses starts from Kanniyakumari, Marthandam, Colachel, Kulasekaram, and Kaliyakkavilai. TNSTC also operates frequent bus services to Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tiruchendur, Tuticorin, and Thiruvananthapuram.
KSRTC Buses
The Government of Kerala operating KSRTC Buses between Kerala and Tamilnadu from Thiruvananthapuram to Nagercoil, Kanniyakumari and KSRTC Bus between Holy Places Haripad, Thiruvananthapuram, Nagercoil, Mylaudy, Athankarai Pallivasal (Tirunelveli dist).
Rail
The Kanyakumari railway station and nearby Nagercoil railway station offer direct connection by Indian railways to almost all metropolitan cities in India.[43]
Airways
The nearest international airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport which is 76 km from Kanniyakumari. The Civil Aviation Ministry is planning to construct an airport near Swamithoppu in Kanniyakumari District as the initiative attracts international tourists to the district.[44]
Kanyakumari has heliports for VVIP visitors at the Tri Sea Hotel on Beach Road.
References
- ^ Almeida, Elita (5 April 2017). "48 hours in Kanyakumari". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ "'Kanniyakumari' is now official spelling". DT Next. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ Bawa, Sameer (11 March 2019). "Comorin with a casual vibe is offering comfort food that one just can't say no to". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ "The Land's End of India Kanyakumari". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ^ "Travel". National Geographic. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ Kanniyakumari
- ^ a b "The eternal charm of Kanyakumari, that is situated at the tip of peninsular India..." The Hindu Images. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Kanakasabhai, V (1997). The Malayalees Eighteen Hundred Years Ago. Asian Educational Services. p. 10. ISBN 8120601505.
- ^ Abraham, Shinu (2003). "Chera, Chola, Pandya: using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India". Asian Perspectives. 42 (2): 207–223. doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0031. hdl:10125/17189. S2CID 153420843.
- ^ "KanniyaKumari - Etymology".
- ^ "Kanniyakumari - Etymology".
- ^ Kolappan, B. (13 May 2016). "It is now officially Kanniyakumari". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ "Kanniyakumari District, Government of TamilNadu | Land of Cash Crops | India". kanniyakumari.nic.in. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Legends of Kanya Kumari". Amritapuri. 8 February 2000. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ^ "Shaktipeeth". Zee News. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ Sharma, Divyanshi, ed. (3 October 2019). "Navratri 2019: Know the origin and existence of the 51 Shaktipeethas". Zee News. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ Shankar, Ravi (26 September 2021). "Motherlodes of Power: The story of India's 'Shakti Peethas'". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ Upadhyay, Lipi (23 September 2017). "Navratri for travellers: Visit these 51 Shakti-peeths and learn about their significance". India Today. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ "Natural products used by the Kanikkars of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India". ResearchGate.
- ^ "Medicinal plants of sacred groves in Kanyakumari district Southern Western Ghats". ResearchGate.
- ^ "History Of Kanyakumari, Tourist Places & Information, Thiruvalluvar Statue, Sun Rise & Sun Set". www.tamilselvi.com. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ^ "Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011., Town code: 803939, Area Name: Kanyakumari (TP); Table C-1 Tamil Nadu (XLS)
- ^ "Primary census abstract 2001". Directorate of Census Operations – Tamil Nadu. 2001. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Kanyakumari
- ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (27 June 2017). "Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ "Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ "Station: Kanyakumari Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 383–384. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "Kanyakumari", District Court, Kanyakumari.
- ^ TheIndianTrip. "Top things to do in Nagercoil - Thiruvalluvar Statue". TheIndianTrip. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ^ "Details About the Statue of Thiruvalluvar". National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ "Entry to Thiruvalluvar statue suspended for 6 months for maintenance work", The Times of India, 17 April 2017.
- ^ "Our District", District Court, Kanyakumari.
- ^ Sengar, Resham (12 January 2018). "Swami Vivekananda Jayanti: take pride in these memorials built in his honour". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
- ^ a b Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 179.
- ^ "History of Kumari Amman Temple". 10 January 2016.
- ^ "Kumari Amman Temple, Kanyakumari - Hello Prabhu". www.helloprabhu.com. Retrieved 30 June 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Sunset Point Kanyakumari (Entry Fee, Timings, Images & Location) - Kanyakumari Tourism 2023". kanyakumaritourism.in. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
- ^ "Kamarajar ManiMandapam at Kanniyakumari". Kanniyakumari District, Government of Tamil Nadu, India. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
- ^ Goff, James; Dudley, Walter (March 2021). "Boxing Day: The World's Worst Disaster of the 21st Century". Tsunami: 189–202. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197546123.003.0016.
- ^ "Third ferry service launched in Kanyakumari". The Hindu. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "Kanyakumari railway station needs better infrastructure". The Hindu. 18 February 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "MP seeks airport in Kanyakumari". The Times of India. 1 August 2021. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
External links
- Kanyakumari District Government Portal
Kanyakumari travel guide from Wikivoyage
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