Comparison of functional programming languages

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Comparison of functional programming languages - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The table shows a comparison of functional programming languages which compares various features and designs of different functional programming languages.

Name	Pure	Lazy evaluation	Typing	Abstract data types	Algebraic data types	Data is immutable	Type classes	Garbage collection	First appeared
Common Lisp	No^[1]	Simulated with thunks^[2]	Dynamic^[3]	Yes^[4]	Extension^[5]	No^[6]	?	Yes	1984
Scheme	No^[7]	Yes^[8]	Dynamic^[7]	Yes^[9]	Simulated with thunks^[10]	No^[11]	No	Yes	1975
Racket	No	Default in Lazy Racket^[12]	Dynamic by default, gradual with Typed Racket^[13]	Yes^[14]	Yes, with Algebraic Racket^[15]	Partial^[16]	No	Yes	1995
Clojure	No^[17]	Yes^[18]	Dynamic^[19]	Yes^[20]	Yes^[21]	Yes^[22]	No	Yes	2007
Standard ML	No^[23]	No^[24]^[25]	Static^[26]	Yes	Yes	Yes^[27]	No	Yes	1983
OCaml	No^[28]	Yes^[28]	Static^[29]	Yes^[30]	Yes^[31]	Yes^[32]	Simulated with parametric modules^[33]	Yes	1996
F#	No^[34]	Yes^[35]	Static^[36]	Yes^[37]	Yes^[38]	Yes^[39]	No	Yes	2005
Haskell	Yes^[40]	Default^[41]	Static^[42]	Yes^[40]	Yes^[43]	Yes^[44]	Yes^[45]	Yes	1990
Scala	No^[46]	Yes^[47]	Static^[46]	Yes^[48]	Yes^[48]	Yes^[49]	Yes^[50]	Yes	2004
JavaScript	No^[51]^{[unreliable source?]}	Extension^[52]	Dynamic^[53]	Extension^[54]	Extension^[55]	Partial^[56]^[57]	?	Yes	1995
Clean	Yes^[58]	Yes, with optional strictness annotations^[59]	Static with uniqueness/optionally dynamic^[60]	Yes^[59]	Yes^[59]	Yes, except for unique types^[59]	Yes^[59]	Yes	1987
Miranda	Yes^[61]	Default^[62]	Static^[61]	Yes^[63]	Yes^[61]	Yes	No	Yes	1986
SASL	Yes^[64]	Yes	Dynamic^[65]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	1972
Elixir	No	Stream module^[66]	Dynamic	Yes	No	Yes	?	Yes	2012
Erlang	No	No^[67]	Dynamic	Yes^[68]	No	Yes^[69]	?	Yes	1986
Elm	Yes	No	Static^[70]	?	Yes^[71]	Yes^[70]	No	Yes	2012
Futhark	Yes	No	Static^[72]	Yes	Yes	Yes^[70]	No	Yes	2014
Python	No^[73]	Simulated with generators	Dynamic^[74]	Yes^[75]	No	Partial^[76]	?	Yes	1991
Idris	Yes^[77]	Yes^[77]	Static^[77]	Yes^[77]	Yes^[77]	Yes^[77]	Yes^[77]	Yes	2007
Nix	Yes	No	Static	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	2003
Wolfram Language	No	No	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	1988
Kotlin	No	Lazy delegation^[78] and Sequence^[79]	Static	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	2011
Swift	No	No	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Swift uses Automatic Reference Counting, which differs from tracing garbage collection but is designed to provide similar benefits with better performance.	2014
Julia	No	No^[80]	Dynamic^[81]	Yes^[81]	No	Partial^[81]	?	Yes	2012
PureScript	Yes	No	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	2013
Rust	No	Lazy iterators^[82] and external libraries^[83]	Static^[84]	Yes^[85]	Yes^[86]	Yes^[87]	Yes, through traits^[85]	No	2010
Bosque	No	No	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	2019
D	Optional^[88]^[89]	Optional^[90]	Static^[91]	?	Yes	Yes^[92]	No	Yes^[93]	2001
Gleam	No^[94]	Experimental external libraries	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	2019

References

^ "LISP Introduction". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Antoniotti, Marco. "CLAZY: Lazy Calling in Common Lisp". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Tratt, Laurence (July 2009). "Dynamically Typed Languages". Advances in Computers. 77: 149–184. doi:10.1016/s0065-2458(09)01205-4. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "LISP Tutorial Lecture 3: Data Abstraction".
^ "Algebraic data types in Common Lisp". GitHub. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "Mutable Data Structures" (PDF). Retrieved 28 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Similar Functional Languages". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "(Scheme) 17. Lazy Evaluation". Retrieved 30 April 2020.
^ "Records - Revised⁶ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme". Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "Algebraic Data Types in Scheme". Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "Programs with State". Retrieved 29 November 2013.
^ Barzilay, Eli. "Lazy Racket". Retrieved 8 February 2020.
^ Tobin-Hochstadt, Sam; St-Amour, Vincent; Dobson, Eric; Takikawa, Asumu. "Typed Racket". Retrieved 8 February 2020.
^ "The Racket Guide: Programmer-Defined Datatypes". Retrieved 8 February 2020.
^ Griffis, Eric. "Algebraic Racket". Retrieved 8 February 2020.
^ Buttrick, Matthew. "Beautiful Racket: Data Structures". Retrieved 8 February 2020.
^ "Clojure Functional Programing".
^ "Clojure - lazy". Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ "Exploring clojure: dynamic typing". 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Engelberg, Mark (21 April 2009). "Thoughts On Programming". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "clojure-contrib, typing example". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "clojure: functional programming overview". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Introduction to Functional Programming" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Lazy and Eager Evaluation" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Harper, MacQueen, Milner. "Standard ML" (PDF). Section 3.6.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Wikibooks:Standard ML Programming/Types
^ "Mutable and optional data". Retrieved 28 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Functional Programming – OCaml". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Hickey, Jason. "Introduction to Objective Caml" (PDF). Section 2.4. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Type and exception definitions".
^ "Learn OCaml - Data Types".
^ "Learn OCaml - Imperative Features".
^ "Implementing Type-Classes as OCaml Modules". Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "Learning F#". Retrieved 6 December 2013.
^ "Lazy Computations (F#)". Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "About F#". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Structures - F#". Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "Discriminated Unions". 15 September 2021.
^ "The F# 3.0 Language Specification: 1.1.2 Making Data Simple" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Haskell Wiki". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Haskell Wiki Lazy Evaluation". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Haskell Typing". HaskellWiki. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Haskell Wiki Abstract Data Type". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Haskell Wiki". Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ "Type Classes and Overloading".
^ ^a ^b "Scala Overview" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Scala by Example" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Scala Reference" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Mutable and Immutable Collections". Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "The Neophyte's Guide to Scala Part 12: Type Classes". Retrieved 29 November 2013.
^ List of multi-paradigm programming languages#Language overview
^ Tao, Dan. "Lazy.js". Dan Tao. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "JavaScript Overview". Mozilla Developer Network. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Frank, Thomas. "Add some klass to JavaScript". thomasfrank.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Faubion, Nathan. "ADT". NPM. Joyent, nodejitsu. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ Immutable object#JavaScript
^ "Javascript Data structures". Mozilla Developer Network. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "FAQ - Clean".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Plasmeijer, Rinus; Van Eekelen, Marko; Van Groningen, John (December 2011). Clean Version 2.2 Language Report (PDF). Department of Software Technology, University of Nijmegen. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
^ "Clean".
^ ^a ^b ^c "Miranda Official Website".
^ "An Overview of Miranda".
^ "An Overview of Miranda".
^ Turner, D.A. "An Implementation of SASL". University of St. Andrews, Department of Computer Science Technical Report. TR/75/4.
^ Kahn, Gilles; Bertot, Yves; Huet, Gérard; Lévy, Jean-Jacques; Plotkin, Gordon (2009-09-24). Kahn networks at the dawn of functional programming. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521518253.
^ "Stream — Elixir v1.17.2". | title=Stream - Elixir v.1.6.0}}
^ "Erlang Reference Manual". Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ "Erlang Programming Language - Abstract Patterns".
^ "Stack Overflow - How do I modify a record in erlang?". Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Elm Blog - Interactive Programming". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
^ "Elm Syntax - Algebraic Data Types". Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
^ "Type Inference". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Functional Programming in Python".
^ "What is Python?".
^ "Abstract Data Types and Stacks" (PDF).
^ Immutable object#Python
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Idris Overview". Retrieved 6 December 2013.
^ "Kotlin - Delegated Properties".
^ "kotlin-stdlib - kotlin.sequences".
^ "Noteworthy Differences from Other Languages - The Julia Language".
^ ^a ^b ^c "Types - The Julia Language".
^ "The Rust Programming Language, Processing a Series of Items with Iterators".
^ "Rust crate 'lazy'".
^ "The Rust Programming Language, Data Types".
^ ^a ^b "The Rust Programming Language, Traits".
^ "The Rust Programming Language, Enums".
^ "The Rust Programming Language, Variables and Mutability".
^ "D pure functions". Retrieved 3 February 2024.
^ "D safe functions". Retrieved 3 February 2024.
^ "Laziness - Dlang Tour". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Type System". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Immutable - Dlang Tour". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Garbage Collection". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Frequently asked questions – Gleam".

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