Comparison of operating system kernels

A kernel is a component of a computer operating system.^[1] It serves as an intermediary connecting software to hardware, enabling them to work together seamlessly.^[2] A comparison of system kernels can provide insight into the design and architectural choices made by the developers of particular operating systems.

Comparison criteria

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of widely used and currently available operating system kernels. Please see the individual products' articles for further information.

Even though there are a large number and variety of available Linux distributions, all of these kernels are grouped under a single entry in these tables, due to the differences among them being of the patch level. See comparison of Linux distributions for a detailed comparison. Linux distributions that have highly modified kernels — for example, real-time computing kernels — should be listed separately. There are also a wide variety of minor BSD operating systems, many of which can be found at comparison of BSD operating systems.

The tables specifically do not include subjective viewpoints on the merits of each kernel or operating system.

Feature overview

The major contemporary general-purpose kernels are shown in comparison. Only an overview of the technical features is detailed.


Kernel name	Programming language	Used in	Creator	Executable format (also see section below)	Type	Integrated firewall	SMP support	Multiple architecture support (also see section below).	Multitasking	Virtualization	Security	Profiling/Debugging	Soft real-time support	Hard real-time support	Can keep RTC in UT^[3]
Amiga Exec		AmigaOS	Commodore International	HUNK	Exokernel (atypical)^[4]	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Amiga Exec SG (2nd Generation)		AmigaOS 4	Hyperion Entertainment	ELF/HUNK	Exokernel (atypical)^[5]	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	?
DragonFly BSD kernel	C	DragonFly BSD	Matt Dillon	ELF	hybrid	Ipfirewall, PF	Yes	No	Yes	chroot, jail, vkernel	Unix permissions	DDB, KGDB	?	?	?
FreeBSD kernel	C	FreeBSD, Debian GNU/kFreeBSD, Gentoo/FreeBSD, Orbis OS	The FreeBSD Project	ELF, others - platform dependent	monolithic	IPFilter, Ipfirewall, PF	Yes	Yes	Yes	chroot, jail, bhyve	Unix permissions, POSIX.1e and NFSv4 ACLs,^[6]^[7] Capsicum, TrustedBSD MAC, OpenBSM	KDB, DDB, KGDB, DTrace, hwpmc	Yes	?	Yes
GNU Hurd	C	GNU/Hurd (Arch Hurd, Debian GNU/Hurd)	GNU Project/Free Software Foundation	ELF	multiserver microkernel	No	Partial^[8]	No	Yes	chroot, Xen	Unix permissions, POSIX ACL, POSIX Capabilities	?	?	?	?
GNU Mach	C	part of GNU Hurd, used in GNU/Hurd	GNU Project/Free Software Foundation	ELF	microkernel	No	Partial^[8]	No	Yes	chroot, Xen	Unix permissions, POSIX ACL, POSIX Capabilities	?	?	?	?
Inferno kernel		Inferno	Bell Labs / Vita Nuova Holdings	?	virtual machine	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	chroot, Xen	?	?	?	?	?
L4		L4	Jochen Liedtke	No	microkernel	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Afterburner/L4 [1], Marzipan [2], capabilities in L4/Fiasco^[9]	L4/Fiasco^[9]	L4/Fiasco^[9]	?	?
Linux kernel	C	Linux (kernel), Android, Ubuntu, CentOS, webOS, Fire OS, Firefox OS, ChromeOS, Syllable Server, Mastodon Linux, OpenBSD/Linux, Plan 9/Linux, Sailfish OS, Tizen, amongst others.	Linus Torvalds^[10]	ELF, others	monolithic	Ipfirewall (1.1 –) ipchains (2.2 –) Netfilter (2.4 –) nftables (3.13 –) XDP (4.8 –)	Yes	Yes	Yes	cgroups, chroot, Lguest, Xen, KVM, kvm-lite, LXC	Unix permissions, POSIX ACL, POSIX Capabilities, keyctl, LSM (SELinux, SMACK, TOMOYO Linux, AppArmor)	OProfile, kprobe, SystemTap, JProbe, ftrace, KDB, KGDB, kernel marker, perf tools, eBPF	preempt=full, threadirqs	PREEMPT RT, CPU task isolation^[11]	Yes
Compute Node Linux		Compute Node Linux	Cray Inc.	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Mach	C	NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP for Mach, Tru64 UNIX and MkLinux	Carnegie Mellon University	Mach-O	microkernel, hybrid kernel	?	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	?	Yes	?	?
MINIX 3 kernel	C	MINIX 3	Andrew S. Tanenbaum	ELF,^[12] a.out^[13]^[14]	microkernel	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Unix permissions	Call profiling, statistical profiling, Minix Debugger (mdb)	No	No	?
NetBSD kernel	C	NetBSD, GNU/kNetBSD (Debian GNU/NetBSD),	The NetBSD Project	ELF, others - platform dependent	monolithic, anykernel using rump kernel architecture	IPFilter, PF, NPF	Yes	Yes	Yes	Xen, chroot	kauth, Unix permissions	DDB, KGDB, tprof	POSIX real-time scheduling extensions	Kernel preemption ^[15]	Yes
NetWare kernel		NetWare	Novell	NLM	hybrid	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?
OpenBSD kernel	C	OpenBSD	OpenBSD developers	ELF, others - platform dependent	monolithic	PF	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Unix permissions	?	?	?	?
OS/2 kernel		OS/2 version 2 and above	IBM	LX	hybrid	No	Yes	No PowerPC version developed but never officially released.	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	?
Plan 9 kernel	C	Plan 9 from Bell Labs	Bell Labs	?	monolithic	ipmux	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?
ReactOS kernel	C	ReactOS	ReactOS Foundation	PE	hybrid	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
Rockbox kernel		Rockbox	The Rockbox Project	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
SunOS kernel	C	SunOS	Sun Microsystems	a.out	monolithic	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Unix permissions	?	?	?	?
Solaris kernel	C	Solaris, OpenSolaris, GNU/kOpenSolaris (Nexenta OS)	Sun Microsystems	ELF (32-bit only until Solaris 7 in 1998)	monolithic	IPFilter, PF (since Oracle Solaris 11.3)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Zones, chroot	Unix permissions, ACL, RBAC, Auditing, Privileges, Zones, Trusted Extensions	DTrace, CPU profiling, microstate accounting, perf counters, kernel lock stats, kstats, mdb, kmdb	Real-time scheduler	?	Yes
SVR5 kernel	C	UnixWare 7, OpenServer 6	Santa Cruz Operation	ELF	monolithic	IPFilter	Yes	No	Yes	No	Unix permissions	?	?	?	Yes
Trix kernel		Trix	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	a.out	monolithic	?	Yes	No	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?
Windows NT kernel	C	All Windows NT family systems, 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone 8.1, Windows 10, Windows 11, Windows Server	Microsoft	PE	hybrid	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Hyper-V	ACL, Privileges	Event Tracing,^[16] dgbss, kd	Multimedia Class Scheduler Service	No	Unofficial^[17]
Windows 9x kernel	C++	Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me	Microsoft	PE	monolithic
XNU (Darwin kernel)	C, C++	macOS, iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, watchOS, OpenDarwin, PureDarwin GNU/Darwin	Apple Inc.	Mach-O	hybrid	Ipfirewall, PF (starting in Lion)	Yes	Yes	Yes	chroot	Unix permissions, NT/NFSv4 ACLs, TrustedBSD MAC, OpenBSM	KDB, DDB, DTrace	Yes	No	Yes
SPARTAN kernel	C	HelenOS	Jakub Jermar	ELF	microkernel	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?
Zircon	C++	Fuchsia OS	Google	ELF	microkernel	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Lguest, Xen, KVM, kvm-lite	Yes	KDB, DDB, GDB	Yes	No	Yes

Failure analysis and availability

Kernel Name	Kernel Log	Serious system error report	Fatal system error report	Kernel crash dump	Kernel debugger	Hardware error detection	Software RAID	Remote storage replication	CPU hotplug	Memory hotplug	Kernel live patching	Kernel live update
DragonFly BSD kernel	Yes	?	Kernel panic	?	ddb	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
FreeBSD kernel	kern.msgbuf in sysctl	?	Kernel panic	Yes^[18]	KGDB	?	GEOM, ZFS	(HAST in user-space)	No	?	?	?
Linux kernel	kmsg	Linux kernel oops	Kernel panic / drm_panic	kdump	KDB / KGDB	EDAC (formerly Bluesmoke)	md, LVM	DRBD	Yes	Yes	livepatch	Kexec HandOver / Live Update Orchestrator^[19]
NetBSD kernel	Yes	?	Kernel panic	?	DDB / KGDB	?	RAIDframe, ZFS	?	?	?	?	?
OpenBSD kernel	Yes	?	Kernel panic	Yes^[20]	ddb	?	softraid	?	?	?	?	?
Solaris kernel	Yes	?	Yes	System core dump^[21]	mdb	ereport	Solaris Volume Manager, ZFS	?	?	?	?	?
Windows NT kernel	NT Kernel Logger in ETW		Stop Error (Blue Screen of Death)	Kernel-mode Dump	KD	WHEA	Storage Spaces / Disk Management	Storage Replica / DFS Replication	?	?	Hotpatch^[22]	?
XNU	Yes	?	Kernel panic	?	ddb / kdp	?	AppleRAID	?	?	?	?	?
Zircon	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?

Scalability and clustering

Kernel Name	Supported number of CPU cores	NUMA support	Computer cluster interconnect				Application checkpointing / Process migration	Single system image	Clustered file system
Kernel Name	Supported number of CPU cores	NUMA support	Remote direct memory access (RDMA) support	InfiniBand support	PCI Express Non-Transparent Bridge (NTB) support	CXL 3.1 inter-host communication with GIM support	Application checkpointing / Process migration	Single system image	Clustered file system
DragonFly BSD kernel	256^[23]	Partial^[23]	?	?	?	?	sys_checkpoint^[24]	planned^[25]	HAMMER2
FreeBSD kernel	1024^[26]	Yes	Yes^[27]	Yes	Yes^[28]	?	?	No	pNFS^[29]
Linux kernel	8192	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[30]	No	Checkpoint/Restart	(openMosix)	pNFS / Ceph / OCFS2 / GFS2
Solaris kernel	512^[31]	Yes	Yes	Yes^[32]	?	?	No	No	PxFS
Windows NT kernel	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	No	Cluster Shared Volumes

Realtime support

Kernel Name	Full kernel preemption			Prevent priority inversion (Priority inheritance)		Realtime Scheduling	Realtime Priority	Realtime I/O	CPU Isolation	Disable CPU's Interrupt request (IRQ) handling	Disable CPU's timer ticks	Prevent memory from being swapped out
Kernel Name	kernel threads	interrupt handlers	lock sections	kernel space	userland	Realtime Scheduling	Realtime Priority	Realtime I/O	CPU Isolation	Disable CPU's Interrupt request (IRQ) handling	Disable CPU's timer ticks	Prevent memory from being swapped out
DragonFly BSD kernel	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	mlock/mlockall system call
FreeBSD kernel	?	?	?	?	UMUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT on _umtx_op^[33]	SCHED_FIFO / SCHED_RR on ULE scheduler^[34]	rtprio system call^[34]	?	?	?	Yes, since FreeBSD 9.0^[35]	mlock/mlockall system call
Linux kernel	preempt=full	threadirqs	PREEMPT_RT^[36]	RT-mutex / (mutex with Proxy Execution^[37])	PI-futexes^[38]	SCHED_FIFO / SCHED_RR on CFS/EEVDF	rtprio system call	IOPRIO_CLASS_RT^[39]	isolcpus	irqaffinity	nohz_full^[40]	mlock/mlockall system call
NetBSD kernel	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	mlock/mlockall system call
OpenBSD kernel	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	mlock/mlockall system call
Solaris kernel	?	?	?	?	Yes^[41]	?	?	?	?	?	?	mlock/mlockall system call
Windows NT kernel	Yes^[42]	?	?	AutoBoost^[43]	?	REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS	?	?	?	?	Windows 8 and later^[44]	VirtualLock
XNU	?	?	?	?	os_unfair_lock^[45]	?	?	?	?	?	?	mlock system call
Zircon	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?

Transport protocol support

Kernel Name	Internet layer (L3)			Transport layer (L4)						L4S Congestion controls
Kernel Name	IPv4	IPv6	IPSec	TCP	Multipath TCP	UDP	SCTP	DCCP	QUIC	Accurate ECN (AccECN)	TCP Prague	Dual-Queue Coupled Active Queue Management
DragonFly BSD kernel	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	Yes	No	No	?	?	?	?
FreeBSD kernel	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Unofficial patch exists^[46]	Yes	Yes	Optional	?	?	?	?
Linux kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial^[47]	Yes	Yes	dropped in 6.16	(QUIC in Linux Kernel)	Yes^[48]^[49]	(Linux kernel tree with L4S patches)	DualPI2 qdisc^[50]^[51]
NetBSD kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?
OpenBSD kernel	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?
Solaris kernel	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	?
Windows NT kernel	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	Yes	No	?	?	?	?	?
XNU	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	?	?	?	?
Zircon	?	?	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?

Data link layer and Tunneling protocol support

Kernel Name	Data link layer (L2)		L2 over L2	L2 segmentation		layer 2.5 (L2.5)	L2 over L2.5	L2 over L3		L3 over L3				L2 over L4
Kernel Name	PPP	Ethernet	PPPoE	IEEE 802.1Q (VLAN)	IEEE 802.1ad (QinQ)	MPLS	VLL Epipe (VPWS)	L2TPv3	L2 GRE	L3 GRE	Mobile IP Minimal Tunneling^[52]	IP in IP (IPIP)^[53]	6in4 (SIT)^[54]	PPTP	L2TP	VXLAN
DragonFly BSD kernel	Yes^[55]	Yes	?	Yes^[56]	?	?	?	?	?	Yes^[57]		gif^[58]		?	?	?
FreeBSD kernel	Legacy kernel PPP^[59]^[a] and netgraph-based kernel PPP^[60]	Yes	Yes^[61]	Yes^[62]	?	?	?	?	?	Yes^[63]	Yes^[64]	gif^[65]		?	?	Yes^[66]
Linux kernel	Yes^[67]	Yes^[68]	Yes^[69]	Yes^[70]		Yes^[71]	?	Yes^[72]	?	Yes^[73]	No	Yes^[74]	Yes^[75]	No^[b]	Yes^[76]	Yes^[77]
NetBSD kernel	Yes^[78]	Yes	Yes^[79]	Yes^[80]	?	Yes^[81]	?	l2tp interface^[82]	?	Yes^[83]		gif^[84]		?	?	?
OpenBSD kernel	Yes^[85]	Yes	Yes^[86]	Yes^[87]	svlan^[87]	?	mpw^[88]	?	egre^[89]	Yes^[89]	No	?	gif^[90]	?	?	Yes^[91]
Solaris kernel	Yes^[92]	Yes	Yes^[93]	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	No	Yes	?	No^[b]	No^[b]	Yes
Windows NT kernel	?	Yes	raspppoe.sys	?	?	?	?	?	?	Yes^[94]	No	ipinip.sys	No^[95]	?	rasl2tp.sys	Yes
XNU	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	No	gif		?	?	?
Zircon	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?

^ Dropped since FreeBSD 8.0-RELEASE
^ ^a ^b ^c Implemented in user-space only

Inter-process communication support

Kernel Name	Signal	Messaging		Shared memory		Stream-oriented			Kernel-assisted Remote Procedure Call
		Message queue (Mailbox)	between kernel and userspace	Anonymous	Named	Pipe		Local socket
		Message queue (Mailbox)	between kernel and userspace	Anonymous	Named	Anonymous pipe	Named pipe	Local socket
FreeBSD kernel	Yes	POSIX/System V	AF_NETLINK sockets^[96]	SHM_ANON^[97]	Yes	Bidirectional^[98]	Yes	AF_UNIX	?
XNU	Yes	POSIX	AF_ROUTE and AF_SYSTEM sockets, Mach IPC	?	Yes	Unidirectional	Yes	AF_UNIX	Mach IPC
DragonFly BSD kernel	Yes	?	?	?	Yes	Bidirectional	Yes	AF_UNIX	?
NetBSD kernel	Yes	?	AF_ROUTE sockets	?	Yes	Unidirectional	Yes	AF_UNIX	?
OpenBSD kernel	Yes	?	AF_ROUTE sockets	?	Yes	Bidirectional	Yes	AF_UNIX	?
Linux	Yes	POSIX/System V	AF_NETLINK sockets	memfd	POSIX/System V	Unidirectional	Yes	AF_UNIX	Binder
Solaris kernel	Yes	POSIX/System V	?	?	Yes	Bidirectional	Yes	AF_UNIX	Doors
Windows NT kernel	?	MailSlot^[99]	?	?	Yes	Unidirectional	NPFS	AF_UNIX^[100]	ALPC

In-kernel security

Kernel	File access control	Disable memory execution support	Kernel ASLR	Mandatory access control	Capability-based security	In-kernel key management	Audit API	Sandbox	SYN flood protection	UDP flood protection	Ping flood protection	Smurf attack protection	Network Behavior Analysis
Linux	Traditional Unix permissions, POSIX ACL	Yes	Yes	LSM (SELinux, SMACK, TOMOYO Linux, AppArmor)	Yes	keyctl	fanotify / inotify	SELinux Sandbox, seccomp	SYN cookies	hashlimit module / intermediate lockless queues^[101]	ICMP rate limiting	reverse path filtering	Netfilter
FreeBSD kernel	Traditional Unix permissions, POSIX and NFSv4 ACL	Yes	Yes	TrustedBSD MAC	In-kernel privilege division, and Capsicum	?	OpenBSM / inotify^[102]	Capsicum, MAC framework	SYN cookies	?	?	?	?
Solaris kernel	Traditional Unix permissions, POSIX ACL, NFSv4 ACL	Default	?	Solaris Trusted Extensions	Process privileges^[103]	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Windows NT kernel	Access control list	DEP	Yes	Mandatory Integrity Control	Process security tokens, and AppContainers	No	Yes	Windows Event Log	Yes^[104]	Yes	?	?	?
XNU	Traditional Unix permissions, NT/NFSv4 ACL^[105]	Yes	Yes	TrustedBSD MAC	?	?	OpenBSM	Apple XNU Sandbox	?	?	?	?	?

Kernel	Code signing			Runtime integrity checking	Application Whitelisting	Verifying
Kernel	Kernel (Secure Boot)	Kernel driver	Application	Runtime integrity checking	Application Whitelisting	block device	filesystem
Linux	Yes	Module signature verification	Linux Integrity Measurement Architecture	(Linux Kernel Runtime Guard)	?	dm-verity	fs-verity
FreeBSD kernel	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
NetBSD kernel	?	?	?	?	veriexec	?	?
Solaris kernel	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Windows NT kernel	Yes	Kernel-Mode Code Signing^[106]	?	Kernel Patch Protection	AppLocker	?	Windows Resource Protection
XNU	?	kext signing	?	Kernel Patch Protection^[107]	?	?	?

In-kernel virtualization

Kernel Name	Container (no resource management, no security)	Container (no resource management)	Container (resource management)	Paravirtualization	Full virtualization	User-space execution	Kernel as Library	Kernel as Kernel Driver	Hypervisor-Enforced Kernel Partitioning
Linux	chroot	LXC		Virtio, Hyper-V (guest only), Xen (guest only), VMI (guest only), kvm-lite, lguest	KVM	UML	(LKL)	(coLinux)	No
DragonFly BSD kernel	chroot	jail		No	No	vkernel	?	?	No
FreeBSD kernel	chroot	jail		Virtio, Xen^[108]	bhyve	?	?	?	No
NetBSD kernel	chroot	(sysjail (discontinued))	No	Virtio, Xen^[109]	No	?	Rump kernel	?	No
OpenBSD kernel	chroot	No	No	Xen (guest only)^[110]	Yes^[111]	No	No	No	No
Solaris kernel	chroot	Solaris Containers / Zones		No	No	No	?	?	No
Windows NT kernel	AppContainers, Job Objects, Windows Server Containers			Hyper-V		Project Drawbridge		No	Virtual Secure Mode, Device Guard, Credential Guard^[112]
XNU	chroot	?	?	?	Yes^[113]	?	?	?	No

In-kernel server support

Kernel Name	HTTP	FTP	NFS	CIFS	Name server	Transport-layer load balancer	Application-layer load balancer	9P	TLS proxy	WAF	Memcached server
Linux kernel	(TUX web server patch)	(TUX web server patch)	knfsd	ksmbd	?	IP Virtual Server	(KTCPVS)	(patch available)	SOL_TLS^[114]	(Tempesta FW)^[115]	(kmemcached)
DragonFly BSD kernel	No	No	Yes	Yes	?	Yes^[116]	?	No	No	?	?
FreeBSD kernel	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^[117]	No	No	ktls^[118]	?	?
Solaris kernel	?	?	Yes	Yes^[119]	?	Yes^[120]	Yes^[120]	?	KSSL	?	?
Windows NT kernel	HTTP.sys	?	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	No	?	?	?
XNU	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?

Binary format support

A comparison of OS kernel support for different binary formats (executables):

Name	a.out	ECOFF	ELF	FDPIC ELF binaries (mmu less)	flat binaries (superH)	HUNK	Mach-O	Misc (wrapper based, like interpreters)	PE	SOM (PA-RISC, HP-UX)	NLM	PEF	DOS COM	MZ	LE	LX	NE
Amiga Exec	No	No	Yes^[121]	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
DragonFly BSD kernel	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
FreeBSD kernel	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
HP-UX kernel	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	?	?	?	?	?
Linux	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	?	No	?	?	?	?	?
MINIX 3	Some^[13]^[14]	No	Yes^[12]	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	?	?	?
NetBSD kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	dropped^[122]	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
OpenBSD kernel	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
ReactOS kernel	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Solaris kernel	Yes^[123]	No	Yes^[124]	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Windows NT kernel	No	No	Yes with WSL	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No^[a]	No^[a]	?	?	No^[a]
XNU	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

^ ^a ^b ^c Supported by Win32 subsystem in user-space on x86

File system support

Physical file systems:

Kernel	Acorn ADFS	Amiga FFS	APFS	BeFS	BFS	cramfs	EFS	ext2	ext3	ext4	F2FS	FAT	FreeVxFS	HFS	HFS+	HPFS	ISO 9660	JFFS	JFFS2	JFS	MINIX fs	NSS	NTFS	OCFS	QNX4 FS	System V FS	UDF	UFS	XFS	ZFS	ReiserFS	Reiser4	Btrfs	HAMMER	Tux3	exFAT	ReFS
DragonFly BSD kernel	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	limited write	No	No	No	read only	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
FreeBSD kernel	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Support dropped since 10.0-RELEASE^[125]^[126]	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	read only	Yes	read only	No	No	No	No	?	No
Linux kernel	Yes ^[127]	Yes	Unofficial ^[128]	read only	Yes	Yes	read only	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	read only	Yes	limited write (only with empty journal)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Full read/write support since 5.15^[129]	Yes	Yes ^[127] ^[130]	write support?	Yes	Yes ^[127]	Yes	3rd-party module	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No
MINIX 3 kernel	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Tools available, cannot mount	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
NetBSD kernel	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
NetWare kernel	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	No
OpenBSD kernel	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
ReactOS kernel	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes ^[131]	Yes ^[131]	Yes ^[131]	No	Yes ^[131]	No	No	No	No	Yes ^[131]	No	No	No	No	No	Read only	No	No	No	Yes ^[131]	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^[132]^[131]	No	No	No	No
Solaris kernel	?	?	No	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	No	No	?	?	?	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	?	No
Windows NT kernel	?	?	Unofficial ^[128]	?	?	?	?	Unofficial ^[133]	Unofficial ^[134]	Unofficial ^[134]	No	Yes	?	Unofficial ^[128]	Unofficial ^[128]	No	Yes	?	?	?	?	No	Yes	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	No	No	No	Unofficial ^[135]	No	No	Yes	Yes
XNU	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Unofficial ^[136]	Unofficial ^[136]	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Read-Only	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Official support was abandoned; 3rd-party modules available	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No

Networked file system support

Kernel Name	NFS	AFS	CIFS	Coda	9P	Ceph
DragonFly BSD kernel	up to NFSv3	No	Yes	No	No	No
FreeBSD kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Linux kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
NetBSD kernel	up to NFSv3	?	?	?	?	?
OpenBSD kernel	up to NFSv3	?	?	?	?	?
Solaris kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Windows NT kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
XNU	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No

Pseudo file system support

Kernel Name	Device File System	Process File System (procfs)	Interface for user-space file systems
DragonFly BSD kernel	devfs	Yes	FUSE
FreeBSD kernel	devfs	Obsoleted^[137]	FUSE
Linux	devtmpfs	Yes	FUSE
NetBSD kernel	devfs	Yes	PUFFS
OpenBSD kernel	No	No	FUSE
Solaris kernel	devfs	Yes	FUSE (3rd-party implementation)
XNU	devfs	No	FUSE (Unoffical implementation)

Supported CPU instruction sets and microarchitectures

kernel	HP			Softbank, ARM Holdings		Intel				MIPS		IBM				Renesas Electronics							Oracle			NXP		Analog Devices	Xilinx	Cadence		Canon, Axis Comm.	Socionext		Microchip, Atmel	CML, Hyperstone	Intel, Altera			WDC	Sunplus Technology	NVIDIA	TI
	VAX	Alpha	PA-RISC	ARM		x86		i960	IA-64	MIPS		PowerPC		S/390	z/Arch	H8300	M16C	M32R	78K	V850	SuperH		SPARC			m68k		Blackfin (no-mmu)	MicroBlaze	Xtensa		ETRAX CRIS	FR-V	MN10300	AVR32	E1 (no-mmu)	Nios (no-mmu)	Nios II		WDC 65C816	S+core	Tilera	C6X
	VAX	Alpha	PA-RISC	mmu	no-mmu	x86	x86-64	i960	IA-64	mmu	no-mmu	32-bit	64-bit	S/390	z/Arch	H8300	M16C	M32R	78K	V850	mmu	no-mmu	32-bit	64-bit	no-mmu	mmu	no-mmu	Blackfin (no-mmu)	MicroBlaze	mmu	no-mmu	ETRAX CRIS	FR-V	MN10300	AVR32	E1 (no-mmu)	Nios (no-mmu)	mmu	no-mmu	WDC 65C816	S+core	Tilera	C6X
DragonFly BSD kernel	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
FreeBSD kernel	No	6.4 and below only^[138]	No	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	No	10.4 and below only^[138]	projected to end in 14.x^[138]	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	12.x and below only^[138]	?	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Linux kernel	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	6.7 and below only	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	4.16 and below only^[139]	No	2.6 and below only	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	4.16 and below only^[139]	Yes	Yes	Yes	4.16 and below only^[139]	4.16 and below only^[139]	4.16 and below only^[139]	4.12 and below only	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	4.16 and below only^[139]	4.16 and below only^[139]	Yes
MINIX 3 kernel	?	No	No	Yes	?	Yes	In progress	No	No	In progress	?	No	No	No	No	No	?	No	?	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
NetBSD kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No^[140]	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	No^[140]	Yes	No	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	Yes	No^[140]	Yes	Yes	No^[140]	Yes	No^[140]	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
NetWare kernel	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	?	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
OpenBSD kernel	last supported release 5.8^[141]	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	No	Yes	?	Yes	No	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Rockbox kernel	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	No	?	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Solaris kernel	No	No	No	No	No	Dropped since Oracle Solaris 11 (11/11)^[142]	Yes	?	No	No	No	Only in Solaris 2.5.1	No	No	Only available as a separated version of OpenSolaris	?	?	?	?	?	No	No	Dropped since Solaris 10^[143]	Yes	?	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Windows NT kernel	No	NT 5.0 RC1 and below only	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	XP and 2003-2008 R2 only	NT 4.0 and below only	No	NT 3.51 and NT 4.0 only	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Windows CE kernel	No	No	No	Yes	?	Yes	?	No	No	Yes	?	No	No	No	No	No	?	No	?	No	Yes	?	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
XNU	No	No	No	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
SPARTAN kernel	?	No	No	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	No	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	No	No	Yes	Yes	?	No	No	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
FreeRTOS kernel	?	?	?	?	Yes^[144]	?	?	?	?	?	?	Yes^[144]	?	?	No	Yes^[144]	?	?	Yes^[144]	Yes^[144]	?	Yes^[144]	?	?	?	?	?	Yes^[144]	Yes^[144]	?	?	?	?	?	Yes^[144]	?	?	?	Yes^[144]	?	?	?	?
Zircon	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Supported GPU processors

Kernel name	Intel	NVIDIA	AMD	ARM	Qualcomm	Imagination Technologies	Broadcom	VeriSilicon
Kernel name	HD/Iris/UHD Graphics	GeForce/Quadro/Tesla	Radeon	Mali	Adreno	PowerVR	VideoCore4	Vivante
Linux kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[145]	Yes	Yes
Windows NT kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Windows Phone 8.x, Windows 10 Mobile, Windows on ARM	Yes^[146]	No^[147]	Yes
XNU	via I/O Kit (macOS only)			via I/O Kit (macOS only)	No	via I/O Kit (iOS only)	No	No

Supported kernel execution environment

This table indicates, for each kernel, what operating systems' executable images and device drivers can be run by that kernel.

Kernel name	Linux	Darwin	Windows NT	FreeBSD	NetBSD	Solaris	OSF/1	Amiga Unix	SunOS	BSD/OS	iBCS2 systems	IRIX	Ultrix	NDIS	SVR4
FreeBSD kernel	Yes^[148]	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^[148]	Yes^[148]
Linux kernel	Yes	No	(Longene)	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	(NDISwrapper)	No
NetBSD kernel	Yes^[149]	dropped^[122]	No? [3]?	Yes^[149]	Yes	Yes^[149]	dropped^[150]	Yes^[149]	Yes^[149]	Yes^[149]	dropped^[151]	dropped^[152]	Yes^[149]	dropped^[153]^[154]	dropped^[155]
OpenBSD kernel	Dropped since OpenBSD 6.0^[156]	No	No	Dropped since OpenBSD 5.0^[157]	Dropped since OpenBSD 4.2^[158]	No	No	No	Dropped since OpenBSD 4.8^[159]	Dropped since OpenBSD 4.8^[159]	Dropped since OpenBSD 4.8^[159]	No	Dropped since OpenBSD 4.8^[159]	No	Dropped since OpenBSD 5.0^[157]
Windows NT kernel	Windows Subsystem for Linux 1	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
ReactOS kernel	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	No
XNU	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Supported cipher algorithms

This may be usable on some situations like file system encrypting.

Kernel name	DES	AES	Blowfish	Triple DES	Serpent	Twofish	CAST-128	DES-X	IDEA	RC2	RC5	SEED	Skipjack	TEA	XTEA	CAST-256	RC4	Camellia	Anubis	KHAZAD	Salsa20	FCrypt
DragonFly BSD kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
FreeBSD kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Linux	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Windows NT kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
macOS XNU Kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	?

Supported compression algorithms

This may be usable on some situations like compression file system.

Kernel name	Deflate		LZO	LZJB	zstd
Kernel name	zlib	gzip	LZO	LZJB	zstd
Linux	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
NetBSD kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes
Solaris kernel	Yes	?	?	Yes	?

Supported message digest algorithms

Kernel name	CRC-32 (IEEE)	CRC-32C	MD2	MD4	MD5	SHA-1	SHA-2	SHA-3	Michael MIC	Poly1305	RIPEMD-128	RIPEMD-160	RIPEMD-256	RIPEMD-320	Tiger	Whirlpool	HMAC	MDC-2	GOST	LASH	VMAC
Linux	Yes^[160]^[161]	Yes^[162]	No	Yes^[163]	Yes^[164]	Yes^[165]	Yes^[166]	Partial^[167]	Yes^[168]	Yes^[169]	Yes^[170]	Yes^[171]	Yes^[172]	Yes^[173]	Yes^[174]	Yes^[175]	Yes^[176]	No	No	No	Yes^[177]
Solaris kernel	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
Windows NT kernel	?	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	No	?	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	?
FreeBSD kernel	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	?	Yes	?	Yes	?	?	?	?
XNU kernel	Yes	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Kernel name	CRC-32 (IEEE)	CRC-32C	MD2	MD4	MD5	SHA-1	SHA-2	SHA-3	Michael MIC	Poly1305	RIPEMD-128	RIPEMD-160	RIPEMD-256	RIPEMD-320	Tiger	Whirlpool	HMAC	MDC2	GOST	LASH	VMAC

Supported Bluetooth protocols

Kernel name	ACL	SCO	LMP	HCI	L2CAP	BNEP	RFComm.	SDP	TCP	AVTCP	AVDTP	OBEX	CMTP	HIDP	HCRP	CAPI	PPP
FreeBSD kernel	?	?	?	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	No	?	?	?	?	?
Linux	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	?	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?
macOS XNU Kernel	?	?	?	?	Yes	?	Yes	Yes	?	?	?	No	?	?	?	?	?
Kernel name	ACL	SCO	LMP	HCI	L2CAP	BNEP	RFComm.	SDP	TCP	AVTCP	AVDTP	OBEX	CMTP	HIDP	HCRP	CAPI	PPP

Audio support

Kernel name	Audio system	in-kernel mixer	in-kernel filter
Linux	ALSA, with optional OSS API compatibility^[178]	?	?
Windows NT kernel	MME / WDM audio / Kernel Streaming (KS)	dropped (KMixer.sys)	KS Filters
FreeBSD kernel	OSS API	VCHANs in OSS API	?
NetBSD kernel	native (Sun-like) / OSS API^[179]	audio_system^[180]	?
Solaris kernel	Sun audio API / OSS API	Yes	?

Graphics support

Kernel name	Framebuffer	Display management	Hardware Compositing (Multiple Planes)	Display Multiplexer	Color transform			GPU scheduler	GPU memory management	in-kernel Remote Desktop
Kernel name	Framebuffer	Display management	Hardware Compositing (Multiple Planes)	Display Multiplexer	Matrices	1D LUT	3D LUT	GPU scheduler	GPU memory management	in-kernel Remote Desktop
Linux	Linux framebuffer (fbdev) / Direct Rendering Manager (DRM)	Kernel Mode Setting (KMS)	Plane abstraction in DRM/KMS^[181]	VGA Switcheroo^[182]	Linux Color Pipeline API in DRM^[183]			DRM sched^[184]	DMA-BUF	No
Windows NT kernel	Dxgkrnl.sys	VidPN Manager in Dxgkrnl.sys^[185]	Multiplane overlay (MPO) in WDDM^[186]	?	via MHC profile^[187]		?	VidSch in Dxgkrnl^[188]	VidMm in Dxgkrnl.sys, Dxgmms1.sys, and Dxgmms2.sys^[189]	RdpDD.sys / RdpWD.sys

Footnotes

^ "Kernel Definition". The Linux Information Project. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
^ "Kernel in Operating System". GeeksforGeeks. 2020-07-23. Retrieved 2025-05-31.
^ IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT
^ The Amiga hardware lacked support for memory protection, so the strong isolation goals of the microkernel design could not be achieved.^{[citation needed]}
^ The Amiga hardware lacked support for memory protection, so the strong isolation goals of the microkernel design could not be achieved.^{[citation needed]}
^ "Chapter 14. Security". FreeBSD Handbook.
^ setfacl(1) – FreeBSD General Commands Manual
^ ^a ^b www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Fiasco microkernel - Status". Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ "Linux Kernel FAQ".
^ A full task-isolation mode for the kernel
^ ^a ^b Supports ELF since version 3.2.0 "MinixReleases". Minix Wiki. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b a.out will be phased out in coming releases. van der Kouwe, Erik. "Re: ~Segmentation [Was: Minix3 for sparc]". Minix3 for sparc. Google Groups. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b Commit to remove a.out utils from minix; only supports running a.out now. Leca, Antoine. "3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58". minix.git. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ "Announcing NetBSD 5.0".
^ "Event Tracing". Microsoft Docs. 7 January 2021.
^ "IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT".
^ Chapter 10. Kernel Debugging - FreeBSD Documentation Portal. The FreeBSD Project
^ Live Update Orchestrator "LUO" Merged For Linux 6.19. Phoronix. December 8, 2025
^ crash(8) - OpenBSD manual pages
^ Core Dump Management on the Solaris OS. Oracle. June 2007
^ Hotpatching on Windows. Microsoft. November 20, 2021
^ ^a ^b DragonFly's Major Features List. DragonFly Project.
^ DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : sys_checkpoint(2)
^ DragonFly BSD - history. DragonFly Project.
^ FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE Announcement. FreeBSD Project.
^ RoCE as a performance accelerator. FreeBSD Project. 2018.
^ ntb. FreeBSD Project.
^ "pnfs(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. August 5, 2018. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
^ NTB Drivers. kernel.org.
^ For sun4v platforms, as of Oracle Solaris b147
^ "Oracle Solaris 11 Express 2010.11 | What's New" (pdf). Oracle Technology Network. Oracle. 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
^ _umtx_op. The FreeBSD Project.
^ ^a ^b FreeBSD Foundation: A Year of Sponsored Development in 2024. FreeBSD Foundation. December 20, 2024
^ mav (2010-09-13). "[base] Revision 212541". Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ A realtime preemption overview. LWN. August 10, 2005
^ A proxy-execution baby step. LWN. July 29, 2025
^ Lightweight PI-futexes. kernel.org.
^ Block io priorities. kernel.org.
^ "(Nearly) full tickless operation in 3.10". Lwn.net. Retrieved 2015-04-09.
^ proc lwpsinfo_t Structure Oracle
^ Always Preemptible and Always Interruptible. Microsoft
^ Priority Inversion. Microsoft
^ Bright, Peter (October 28, 2012). "Better on the inside: under the hood of Windows 8". Ars Technica. section "Tick tock".
^ os_unfair_lock_lock - Apple Developer Documentation. Apple
^ "Multipath TCP". Centre for Advanced Internet Architectures - Swinburne University of Technology. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
^ Cloudflare Talks Up Multi-Path TCP But Dings Linux's Less Than Ideal Support. Phoronix. January 3, 2025.
^ More accurate congestion notification for TCP. LWN. February 18, 2026
^ IP Sysctl. kernel.org.
^ Dual-Queue Coupled Active Queue Management (AQM) for Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S) - Appendix A. Example DualQ Coupled PI2 Algorithm. IETF. January 2023
^ The 6.17 kernel has been released. LWN.net. September 28, 2025
^ RFC 2004
^ RFC 2003
^ RFC 1933, RFC 2893, and RFC 4213
^ DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : ppp(4). DragonFly Projects
^ DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : vlan(4). DragonFly Projects
^ DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : gre(4). DragonFly Projects
^ DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : gif(4). DragonFly Projects
^ FreeBSD Handbook Chapter 28 PPP and SLIP. The FreeBSD Project
^ Archie Cobbs (November 13, 2012). "ng_ppp(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
^ Julian Elischer (September 15, 2015). "ng_pppoe(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
^ FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - VLAN(4)
^ FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - GRE(4). The FreeBSD Project
^ Andrey V. Elsukov (November 7, 2014). "me(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - GIF(4). The FreeBSD Project
^ FreeBSD 10.2-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project
^ PPP (point-to-point protocol) support. kernelconfig.io
^ Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit). kernelconfig.io
^ PPP over Ethernet. kernelconfig.io
^ 802.1Q/802.1ad VLAN Support. kernelconfig.io
^ MultiProtocol Label Switching. kernelconfig.io
^ L2TPv3 support. kernelconfig.io
^ IP: GRE tunnels over IP. kernelconfig.io
^ IP: tunneling. kernelconfig.io
^ IPv6: IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel (SIT driver). kernelconfig.io
^ PPP over L2TP. kernelconfig.io
^ Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN). kernelconfig.io
^ ppp(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
^ pppoe(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
^ vlan(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
^ mpls(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
^ l2tp(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
^ gre(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
^ gif(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
^ ppp(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
^ pppoe(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
^ ^a ^b vlan(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
^ OpenBSD 5.8 Changelog. OpenBSD Project
^ ^a ^b gre(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
^ gif(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
^ CVS: cvs.openbsd.org: src. OpenBSD Project
^ "Chapter 21 Overview of PPP". Oracle Help Center. Oracle. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
^ "sppptun(7M)". Oracle Solaris 11.3 Information Library. Oracle. 2017. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
^ GRE Tunneling in Windows Server 2016. Microsoft. November 2, 2024
^ Edward Horley. "Practical IPv6 for Windows Administrators" p.12. December 27, 2013. ISBN 978-1430263708
^ "netlink(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2026-01-27.
^ shm_open(2) The FreeBSD Project
^ "pipe(2)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. 2016-07-20. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ Richard B. Lam. "Shared Memory and Message Queues". "Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools for the Professional Programmer" Volume 20, Number 5. p.30. May, 1995.
^ AF_UNIX comes to Windows. Microsoft. December 19th, 2017
^ Linux 6.18 Will Be A Big Improvement For Servers Encountering DDoS Attacks. Phoronix. October 3, 2025
^ FreeBSD 15.0-RELEASE Announcement. FreeBSD Project. December 2, 2025.
^ "privileges(5)". Oracle Solaris 11.3 Reference Library. Oracle. 2017. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ "Syn attack protection on Windows Vista, Windows 2008, Windows 7, Windows 2008 R2, Windows 8/8.1, Windows 2012 and Windows 2012 R2". June 2010. SynAttack protection is enabled by default and cannot be disabled
^ "Elementary Information Security, Second Edition, Chapter 4 "Sharing Files"" (PDF). Section 4.4 "Microsoft Windows ACLs". The ACLs used in Macintosh OS X and Sun's Solaris operating system are similar to those in Windows to ensure they work well together.
^ Kernel-Mode Code Signing Requirements. Microsoft.
^ iOS Extraction Without a Jailbreak: Full iOS 9 Support, Simplified File System Extraction. ElcomSoft. August 6, 2020
^ "Xen". FreeBSD Wiki. 2025-03-29. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
^ "NetBSD/xen". NetBSD Wiki. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
^ "xen(4)". OpenBSD manual pages. 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
^ Mike Larkin (2015-12-06). "vmm(4)". OpenBSD manual pages. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
^ "Windows 10 Device Guard and Credential Guard Demystified". Ash's Blog. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
^ "Hypervisor". Apple Developer Documentation. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
^ doc/Documentation/networking/tls.txt kernel.org
^ "Web security - tempesta-tech/tempesta Wiki". Tempesta Technologies INC. October 31, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
^ Ziehau, Sepherosa (2013-05-22). "socket: Extend SO_REUSEPORT to distribute workload to available sockets". DragonFly Project Source. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
^ Lundberg, Johannes (2018-06-06). "Load balance sockets with new SO_REUSEPORT_LB option". Retrieved 2024-07-31.
^ FreeBSD Manual Pages - KTLS(4) Kernel Interfaces Manual
^ "OpenSolaris Project Weaves CIFS Server Into the Solaris Kernel". Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ ^a ^b Integrated Load Balancer
^ AmigaOS up to version 3.9 could use the ELF format for PowerPC executables and libraries through ppc.library, also known as PowerUP. AmigaOS 4, uses ELF as its native executable format.
^ ^a ^b src/trunk: src Remove Darwin, MACH and Mach-O support. The NetBSD Project.
^ to support SunOS 4.x binaries
^ including a Linux compatibility option
^ attilio (2012-10-17). "[base] Revision 241636". Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ attilio (2013-03-02). "[base] Revision 247665". Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c experimental and dangerous write support
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d additional driver needed
^ "NTFS3". The Linux Kernel documentation. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ write support currently broken
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ReactOS Wiki - File Systems
^ Vicmarcal (December 6, 2017). "ReactOS 0.4.7 released!". ReactOS Project. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ additional driver needed - see http://www.fs-driver.org/
^ ^a ^b additional driver needed - see http://www.ext2fsd.com Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ additional driver needed - see https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs
^ ^a ^b Third party module required. Mac OS X Kernel Module available here
^ Garrett Wollman; Mike Pritchard (2023-04-10). "procfs(5)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 2026-01-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "FreeBSD supported platforms".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Larabel, Michael (2 April 2018). "Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix". Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved 2018-04-22. The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e NetBSD Projects - Support for MMU-less systems
^ "OpenBSD/Vax".
^ "End of Feature Notices for Oracle Solaris 11". Oracle. Oracle. Retrieved 2026-01-24. Support for the 32–bit only x86 hardware has been removed. Support for running 32-bit applications and libraries will continue.
^ "Features Removed From the Solaris 10 Operating System - Solaris 10 Release Notes". Solaris 10 Operating System (Solaris 10 1/06 - Solaris 10 1/13). Oracle. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc.
^ Imagination PowerVR Open-Source GPU Driver To Be Introduced In Linux 6.8. Phoronix. November 23, 2023.
^ Intel Atom integrated graphics card for Windows 8 tablet is based on a PowerVR
^ Raspberry VideoCore 4 support on Windows Microsoft doesn't have plan for OpenGL on UWP also Broadcom doesn't have plan for DirectX
^ ^a ^b ^c Linux emulation in FreeBSD - 2 A look inside...
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g NetBSD Binary Emulation
^ src/trunk: src Remove compat_osf1, discussed on tech-kern@.. The NetBSD Project.
^ src/trunk: src Retire compat_ibcs2, as discussed on tech-kern@. FreeBSD did.... The NetBSD Project.
^ src/trunk: src Remove IRIX emulation. The NetBSD Project.
^ src/trunk: src Retire NDIS. It appears that it has never worked, after 13 y.... The NetBSD Project.
^ "Summer of Code:NDIS on NetBSD".
^ src/trunk: src Remove compat_svr4 and compat_svr4_32, as discussed on tech-.... The NetBSD Project.
^ "OpenBSD 6.0 Changelog". OpenBSD. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
^ ^a ^b "OpenBSD 5.0 Changelog". OpenBSD. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ "OpenBSD 4.2 Changelog". OpenBSD. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "OpenBSD 4.8 Changelog". OpenBSD. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ "Crc32_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Crc32.c « lib - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Crc32c_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Md4.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Md5.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Sha1_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Sha256_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Sha3_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Michael_mic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Poly1305_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd128.c ^{[dead link]}
^ "Rmd160.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd256.c ^{[dead link]}
^ https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd320.c ^{[dead link]}
^ https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/tgr192.c ^{[dead link]}
^ "Wp512.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Hmac.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ "Vmac.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
^ Takashi Iwai (2004-01-22). "Notes on Kernel OSS-Emulation" (plain text). Linux Kernel Documentation. Retrieved 2026-01-23.
^ in OSS APIhe_future Improving libossaudio, and the future of OSS in NetBSD. NetBSD Project. April 27, 2020
^ audio_system(9) - NetBSD Manual Pages. NetBSD Project
^ Kernel Mode Setting (KMS) - Plane Abstraction. kernel.org.
^ NVIDIA Is Helping To Improve Linux's Dynamic Display Mux Support For Laptops. Phoronix. 14 October 2024.
^ Linux Color Pipeline API. kernel.org.
^ Deadline Scheduling Policy Being Experimented With For Linux Graphics Drivers. Phoronix. December 30, 2024.
^ Introduction to Video Present Networks. Microsoft. December 15, 2021.
^ Multiplane overlay support. Microsoft.
^ Windows hardware display color calibration pipeline - New GPU color transform pipeline. Microsoft.
^ WDDM Architecture. Microsoft. October 2, 2024.
^ Video Memory Management and GPU Scheduling. Microsoft. July 3, 2024.

[60] Dropped since FreeBSD 8.0-RELEASE

[user-space-only-77] Implemented in user-space only

[w32-user-space-only-127] Supported by Win32 subsystem in user-space on x86

[1] "Kernel Definition". The Linux Information Project. Retrieved 4 March 2015.

[2] "Kernel in Operating System". GeeksforGeeks. 2020-07-23. Retrieved 2025-05-31.

[3] IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT

[4] The Amiga hardware lacked support for memory protection, so the strong isolation goals of the microkernel design could not be achieved.^{[citation needed]}

[5] The Amiga hardware lacked support for memory protection, so the strong isolation goals of the microkernel design could not be achieved.^{[citation needed]}

[6] "Chapter 14. Security". FreeBSD Handbook.

[7] setfacl(1) – FreeBSD General Commands Manual

[gnu.org-8] www.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html

[fiasco-status-9] "The Fiasco microkernel - Status". Retrieved January 11, 2013.

[10] "Linux Kernel FAQ".

[11] A full task-isolation mode for the kernel

[minix3-elf-12] Supports ELF since version 3.2.0 "MinixReleases". Minix Wiki. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

[minix3-a.out-phased-out-13] .out will be phased out in coming releases. van der Kouwe, Erik. "Re: ~Segmentation [Was: Minix3 for sparc]". Minix3 for sparc. Google Groups. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

[minix3-a.out-utils-removed-14] Commit to remove a.out utils from minix; only supports running a.out now. Leca, Antoine. "3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58". minix.git. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

[15] "Announcing NetBSD 5.0".

[16] "Event Tracing". Microsoft Docs. 7 January 2021.

[17] "IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT".

[18] Chapter 10. Kernel Debugging - FreeBSD Documentation Portal. The FreeBSD Project

[19] Live Update Orchestrator "LUO" Merged For Linux 6.19. Phoronix. December 8, 2025

[20] rash(8) - OpenBSD manual pages

[21] Core Dump Management on the Solaris OS. Oracle. June 2007

[22] Hotpatching on Windows. Microsoft. November 20, 2021

[dfbsd-features-23] DragonFly's Major Features List. DragonFly Project.

[24] DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : sys_checkpoint(2)

[25] DragonFly BSD - history. DragonFly Project.

[26] FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE Announcement. FreeBSD Project.

[27] RoCE as a performance accelerator. FreeBSD Project. 2018.

[28] tb. FreeBSD Project.

[29] "pnfs(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. August 5, 2018. Retrieved 2026-01-22.

[30] NTB Drivers. kernel.org.

[31] For sun4v platforms, as of Oracle Solaris b147

[32] "Oracle Solaris 11 Express 2010.11 | What's New" (pdf). Oracle Technology Network. Oracle. 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2026-01-24.

[33] _umtx_op. The FreeBSD Project.

[freebsd-rtprio-34] FreeBSD Foundation: A Year of Sponsored Development in 2024. FreeBSD Foundation. December 20, 2024

[35] v (2010-09-13). "[base] Revision 212541". Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[36] A realtime preemption overview. LWN. August 10, 2005

[37] A proxy-execution baby step. LWN. July 29, 2025

[38] Lightweight PI-futexes. kernel.org.

[39] Block io priorities. kernel.org.

[40] "(Nearly) full tickless operation in 3.10". Lwn.net. Retrieved 2015-04-09.

[41] roc lwpsinfo_t Structure Oracle

[42] Always Preemptible and Always Interruptible. Microsoft

[43] Priority Inversion. Microsoft

[44] Bright, Peter (October 28, 2012). "Better on the inside: under the hood of Windows 8". Ars Technica. section "Tick tock".

[45] s_unfair_lock_lock - Apple Developer Documentation. Apple

[46] "Multipath TCP". Centre for Advanced Internet Architectures - Swinburne University of Technology. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2026-01-24.

[47] Cloudflare Talks Up Multi-Path TCP But Dings Linux's Less Than Ideal Support. Phoronix. January 3, 2025.

[48] More accurate congestion notification for TCP. LWN. February 18, 2026

[49] IP Sysctl. kernel.org.

[50] Dual-Queue Coupled Active Queue Management (AQM) for Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S) - Appendix A. Example DualQ Coupled PI2 Algorithm. IETF. January 2023

[51] The 6.17 kernel has been released. LWN.net. September 28, 2025

[52] RFC 2004

[53] RFC 2003

[54] RFC 1933, RFC 2893, and RFC 4213

[55] DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : ppp(4). DragonFly Projects

[56] DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : vlan(4). DragonFly Projects

[57] DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : gre(4). DragonFly Projects

[58] DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : gif(4). DragonFly Projects

[59] FreeBSD Handbook Chapter 28 PPP and SLIP. The FreeBSD Project

[61] Archie Cobbs (November 13, 2012). "ng_ppp(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 2026-01-22.

[62] Julian Elischer (September 15, 2015). "ng_pppoe(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 2026-01-22.

[63] FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - VLAN(4)

[64] FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - GRE(4). The FreeBSD Project

[65] Andrey V. Elsukov (November 7, 2014). "me(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[66] FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - GIF(4). The FreeBSD Project

[67] FreeBSD 10.2-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project

[68] PPP (point-to-point protocol) support. kernelconfig.io

[69] Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit). kernelconfig.io

[70] PPP over Ethernet. kernelconfig.io

[71] 802.1Q/802.1ad VLAN Support. kernelconfig.io

[72] MultiProtocol Label Switching. kernelconfig.io

[73] L2TPv3 support. kernelconfig.io

[74] IP: GRE tunnels over IP. kernelconfig.io

[75] IP: tunneling. kernelconfig.io

[76] IPv6: IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel (SIT driver). kernelconfig.io

[78] PPP over L2TP. kernelconfig.io

[79] Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN). kernelconfig.io

[80] (4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project

[81] (4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project

[82] vlan(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project

[83] s(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project

[84] 2tp(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project

[85] re(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project

[86] (4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project

[87] (4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project

[88] (4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project

[openbsd-vlan-89] vlan(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project

[90] OpenBSD 5.8 Changelog. OpenBSD Project

[openbsd-gre-91] re(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project

[92] (4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project

[93] CVS: cvs.openbsd.org: src. OpenBSD Project

[94] "Chapter 21 Overview of PPP". Oracle Help Center. Oracle. Retrieved 2026-01-22.

[95] "sppptun(7M)". Oracle Solaris 11.3 Information Library. Oracle. 2017. Retrieved 2026-01-22.

[96] GRE Tunneling in Windows Server 2016. Microsoft. November 2, 2024

[97] Edward Horley. "Practical IPv6 for Windows Administrators" p.12. December 27, 2013. ISBN 978-1430263708

[98] "netlink(4)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2026-01-27.

[99] shm_open(2) The FreeBSD Project

[100] "pipe(2)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. 2016-07-20. Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[101] Richard B. Lam. "Shared Memory and Message Queues". "Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools for the Professional Programmer" Volume 20, Number 5. p.30. May, 1995.

[102] AF_UNIX comes to Windows. Microsoft. December 19th, 2017

[103] Linux 6.18 Will Be A Big Improvement For Servers Encountering DDoS Attacks. Phoronix. October 3, 2025

[104] FreeBSD 15.0-RELEASE Announcement. FreeBSD Project. December 2, 2025.

[105] "privileges(5)". Oracle Solaris 11.3 Reference Library. Oracle. 2017. Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[106] "Syn attack protection on Windows Vista, Windows 2008, Windows 7, Windows 2008 R2, Windows 8/8.1, Windows 2012 and Windows 2012 R2". June 2010. SynAttack protection is enabled by default and cannot be disabled

[107] "Elementary Information Security, Second Edition, Chapter 4 "Sharing Files"" (PDF). Section 4.4 "Microsoft Windows ACLs". The ACLs used in Macintosh OS X and Sun's Solaris operating system are similar to those in Windows to ensure they work well together.

[108] Kernel-Mode Code Signing Requirements. Microsoft.

[109] OS Extraction Without a Jailbreak: Full iOS 9 Support, Simplified File System Extraction. ElcomSoft. August 6, 2020

[110] "Xen". FreeBSD Wiki. 2025-03-29. Retrieved 2026-01-24.

[111] "NetBSD/xen". NetBSD Wiki. Retrieved 2026-01-24.

[112] "xen(4)". OpenBSD manual pages. 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2026-01-24.

[113] Mike Larkin (2015-12-06). "vmm(4)". OpenBSD manual pages. Retrieved 2026-01-24.

[114] "Windows 10 Device Guard and Credential Guard Demystified". Ash's Blog. Retrieved 2018-03-28.

[115] "Hypervisor". Apple Developer Documentation. Retrieved 2026-01-24.

[116] /Documentation/networking/tls.txt kernel.org

[117] "Web security - tempesta-tech/tempesta Wiki". Tempesta Technologies INC. October 31, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2018.

[118] Ziehau, Sepherosa (2013-05-22). "socket: Extend SO_REUSEPORT to distribute workload to available sockets". DragonFly Project Source. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

[119] Lundberg, Johannes (2018-06-06). "Load balance sockets with new SO_REUSEPORT_LB option". Retrieved 2024-07-31.

[120] FreeBSD Manual Pages - KTLS(4) Kernel Interfaces Manual

[121] "OpenSolaris Project Weaves CIFS Server Into the Solaris Kernel". Archived from the original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2009-08-21.

[Integrated_Load_Balancer-122] Integrated Load Balancer

[123] AmigaOS up to version 3.9 could use the ELF format for PowerPC executables and libraries through ppc.library, also known as PowerUP. AmigaOS 4, uses ELF as its native executable format.

[netbsd-darwin-dropped-124] src/trunk: src Remove Darwin, MACH and Mach-O support. The NetBSD Project.

[125] to support SunOS 4.x binaries

[126] uding a Linux compatibility option

[128] ttilio (2012-10-17). "[base] Revision 241636". Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[129] ttilio (2013-03-02). "[base] Revision 247665". Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[experi-130] xperimental and dangerous write support

[windowsext-131] tional driver needed

[132] "NTFS3". The Linux Kernel documentation. Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[133] write support currently broken

[reactos-fs-134] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ReactOS Wiki - File Systems

[135] Vicmarcal (December 6, 2017). "ReactOS 0.4.7 released!". ReactOS Project. Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[windowsextdriver-136] tional driver needed - see http://www.fs-driver.org/

[winext2fsd-137] tional driver needed - see http://www.ext2fsd.com Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Machine

[win-btrfs-138] tional driver needed - see https://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs

[Macext-139] Third party module required. Mac OS X Kernel Module available here

[140] Garrett Wollman; Mike Pritchard (2023-04-10). "procfs(5)". FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved 2026-01-25.

[freebsdplatforms-141] "FreeBSD supported platforms".

[phoronix417-142] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Larabel, Michael (2 April 2018). "Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix". Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved 2018-04-22. The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile

[netbsd-nommu-143] NetBSD Projects - Support for MMU-less systems

[144] "OpenBSD/Vax".

[145] "End of Feature Notices for Oracle Solaris 11". Oracle. Oracle. Retrieved 2026-01-24. Support for the 32–bit only x86 hardware has been removed. Support for running 32-bit applications and libraries will continue.

[146] "Features Removed From the Solaris 10 Operating System - Solaris 10 Release Notes". Solaris 10 Operating System (Solaris 10 1/06 - Solaris 10 1/13). Oracle. Retrieved 2026-01-24.

[freertos-ports-147] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Official FreeRTOS Ports, Amazon Web Services, Inc.

[148] Imagination PowerVR Open-Source GPU Driver To Be Introduced In Linux 6.8. Phoronix. November 23, 2023.

[intel_gpu-149] Intel Atom integrated graphics card for Windows 8 tablet is based on a PowerVR

[videocore4-windows-150] Raspberry VideoCore 4 support on Windows Microsoft doesn't have plan for OpenGL on UWP also Broadcom doesn't have plan for DirectX

[freebsd-compat-151] Linux emulation in FreeBSD - 2 A look inside...

[netbsd-compat-152] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g NetBSD Binary Emulation

[153] src/trunk: src Remove compat_osf1, discussed on tech-kern@.. The NetBSD Project.

[154] src/trunk: src Retire compat_ibcs2, as discussed on tech-kern@. FreeBSD did.... The NetBSD Project.

[155] src/trunk: src Remove IRIX emulation. The NetBSD Project.

[156] src/trunk: src Retire NDIS. It appears that it has never worked, after 13 y.... The NetBSD Project.

[157] "Summer of Code:NDIS on NetBSD".

[158] src/trunk: src Remove compat_svr4 and compat_svr4_32, as discussed on tech-.... The NetBSD Project.

[159] "OpenBSD 6.0 Changelog". OpenBSD. Retrieved 2026-01-24.

[openbsd50-changelog-160] "OpenBSD 5.0 Changelog". OpenBSD. Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[161] "OpenBSD 4.2 Changelog". OpenBSD. Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[openbsd48-changelog-162] "OpenBSD 4.8 Changelog". OpenBSD. Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[163] "Crc32_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[164] "Crc32.c « lib - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[165] "Crc32c_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[166] "Md4.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[167] "Md5.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[168] "Sha1_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[169] "Sha256_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[170] "Sha3_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[171] "Michael_mic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[172] "Poly1305_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[173] ttps://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd128.c ^{[dead link]}

[174] "Rmd160.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[175] ttps://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd256.c ^{[dead link]}

[176] ttps://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd320.c ^{[dead link]}

[177] ttps://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/tgr192.c ^{[dead link]}

[178] "Wp512.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[179] "Hmac.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[180] "Vmac.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".

[181] Takashi Iwai (2004-01-22). "Notes on Kernel OSS-Emulation" (plain text). Linux Kernel Documentation. Retrieved 2026-01-23.

[182] OSS APIhe_future Improving libossaudio, and the future of OSS in NetBSD. NetBSD Project. April 27, 2020

[183] udio_system(9) - NetBSD Manual Pages. NetBSD Project

[184] Kernel Mode Setting (KMS) - Plane Abstraction. kernel.org.

[185] NVIDIA Is Helping To Improve Linux's Dynamic Display Mux Support For Laptops. Phoronix. 14 October 2024.

[186] Linux Color Pipeline API. kernel.org.

[187] Deadline Scheduling Policy Being Experimented With For Linux Graphics Drivers. Phoronix. December 30, 2024.

[188] Introduction to Video Present Networks. Microsoft. December 15, 2021.

[189] Multiplane overlay support. Microsoft.

[190] Windows hardware display color calibration pipeline - New GPU color transform pipeline. Microsoft.

[191] WDDM Architecture. Microsoft. October 2, 2024.

[192] Video Memory Management and GPU Scheduling. Microsoft. July 3, 2024.

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Epstein Files Full PDF