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Cycloneuralia Temporal range: Early Cambrian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Priapulus caudatus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Superphylum:	Ecdysozoa
Clade:	Cycloneuralia
Subclades
Nematoida Nematoda Nematomorpha †Palaeoscolecida †Chalazoscolecidae etc. Scalidophora Kinorhyncha Priapulida Loricifera

Cycloneuralia is a proposed clade of ecdysozoan animals including the Scalidophora (Kinorhynchans, Loriciferans, Priapulids), the Nematoida (nematodes, Nematomorphs), and the extinct Palaeoscolecida.^[1]^[2] It may be paraphyletic, or may be a sister group to Panarthropoda. Or perhaps Panarthropoda is paraphyletic with respect to Cycloneuralia.^[3] The group has also been considered a single phylum, sometimes given the old name Nemathelminthes.^[4] The uniting character is the nervous system organization with a circumpharyngeal brain and somata–neuropil–somata pattern.^[5] The name derives from the position of the brain around the pharynx.^[6]

References

^ Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.; Bartolomaeus, T.; Lemburg, C.; Ehlers, U.; Garey, J.R. (1998). "The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system - Articulata". J. Morphol. 238 (3): 263–285. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199812)238:3<263::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-L. PMID 29852696. S2CID 46920478. Archived from the original on 10 May 2010.
^ Telford, MJ; Bourlat, SJ; Economou, A; Papillon, D; Rota-Stabelli, O (April 2008). "The evolution of the Ecdysozoa". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363 (1496): 1529–37. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243. PMC 2614232. PMID 18192181.
^ Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Matus, David Q.; Pang, Kevin; Browne, William E.; Smith, Stephen A.; Seaver, Elaine; Rouse, Greg W.; Obst, Matthias; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Okusu, Akiko; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Wheeler, Ward C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614.
^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life" (PDF). Biol. Rev. 73: 203–266. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
^ The neuromuscular system of Pycnophyes kielensis (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy - EvoDevo
^ "Explanations.html". Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2009-06-28.

(major groups

Excavata

Placozoa (Trichoplax and relatives) Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
Bilateria (Triploblasts)	(see below↓)

The phylogeny of the animal root is disputed; see also: Eumetazoa; Benthozoa

Scalidophora	Kinorhyncha (mud dragons) Priapulida (penis worms)

N+L+P

L+P

Chaetognatha (arrow worms) Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
M+S	Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia) Syndermata Rotifera (wheel animals) Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)