Dochmiac (Ancient Greek: δοχμιακός, from δόχμιος 'across, aslant, oblique',[1] or 'pertaining to a δοχμή or hand's-breath'[2]) is a poetic meter that is characteristically used in Greek tragedy, expressing extreme agitation or distress. They appear in every extant tragedy—N.C. Conomis counted a total of 1,985 in the tragedies of Aeschylus (528×), Sophocles (291×), and Euripides (1166×)[3]—, but there are also examples in satyric drama and Aristophanes, where they are often paratragic in tone and impassioned.[4]
Metrical scheme
The base metrical scheme is: ‿ — — ‿ —, although any of the long syllables may be resolved (i.e., replaced by two shorts) and either of the two shorts may be replaced by a long (drag-in where the first is replaced, drag-out where the second is replaced, and double drag where both are replaced).[4] Thus, in theory, 32 variants are possible, ranging from five longs — — — — — to eight shorts, ‿ ‿‿ ‿‿ ‿ ‿‿. The ones occurring most often are
- ‿ — — ‿ —,
- ‿ ‿‿ — ‿ —, and
- — ‿‿ — ‿ —.
Examples
Here is an example from Aeschylus' Seven against Thebes, lines 697-700, where the chorus in vain tries to withhold Oedipus' son Eteocles from a fatal battle with his brother Polynices. The first three lines here are pairs of — ‿‿ — ‿ — dochmiacs. Long syllables have been underlined. (The fourth line is a hagesichorean.) Note that dochmiacs and even whole lines can start and end in the middle of a word:
- ἀλλὰ σὺ μὴ ʼποτρύνου· κακὸς οὐ κεκλή-
- σῃ βίον εὖ κυρήσας· μελάναιγις δʼ· οὐκ
- εἶσι δόμων Ἐρινύς, ὅταν ἐκ χερῶν
- θεοὶ θυσίαν δέχωνται;
- allà sù mḕ ’potrú/nou; kakòs ou keklḗ-
- sēi bíon eû kurḗ/sas; melánaigis d’ ouk
- eîsi dómōn Eri/nús, hótan ek kherôn
- theoì thusían dékhōntai?
- | – u u – u – | – u u – u – |
- | – u u – u – | – u u – – – |
- | – u u – u – | – u u – u – |
- | u – – u – | u – – ||
- No, don't you be excited; you won't be called a coward,
- since you have prospered in life; but will not the black-shielded
- Erinys (Avenging Spirit) leave your house, when from your hands
- the gods will receive a sacrificial offering?
An example of the simplest double drag form (— — — — —) is when the chorus in Aeschylus' Suppliant Maidens, lines 892 and 901, twice sighs:
- ὦ πᾶ, Γᾶς παῖ, Ζεῦ.
- ô pâ, Gâs paî, Zeû.
- | – – – – – |
- O Father, Earth's son, Zeus!
References
- ^ Liddell & Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=do%2Fxmios&la=greek#lexicon
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary.
- ^ Conomis, N.C. (1964). "The Dochmiacs of Greek Drama". Hermes. 92 (1): 23–50. JSTOR 4475286. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ a b West, Martin (1982). Greek Metre. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 108–115: 108–109.
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