Doppelganger is the name given for a Russian disinformation campaign established in 2022. It targets Ukraine, Germany, France and the United States,^[1] with the aim of undermining support for Ukraine in Russia's invasion of the country.^[2]

The aim is to serve the Kremlin's narrative, primarily to weaken Western support for Ukraine. The narrative favours four themes (messages):

• Sanctions against Russia are inefficient
• Westerners are Russophobic
• The Ukrainian army is barbaric and made up of neo-Nazis
• Ukrainian refugees are a burden on European countries^[3]

The second goal for the propaganda articles is to be quoted and picked up by Russian media in order to reach the Russian population through the alternative reality that Russian power is trying to maintain about the war in Ukraine.^[4]

Doppelganger has been active since May 2022.^[1][5] The campaign was unmasked by EU DisinfoLab that September.^[6][5] In May 2024, the company OpenAI removed accounts used by Doppelganger in influence operations.^[7]

Doppelganger relies on fake websites that mimic the appearance of existing news sources, such as Der Spiegel, Le Parisien, Fox News and The Washington Post.^[2][8][9] In the U.S., Doppelganger has pushed articles criticising the LGBTQ+ movement, which has been outlawed in Russia, and raising doubts about the competence of the military.^[1]

Doppelganger's fake websites push false stories that are critical of Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, U.S. president Joe Biden and the White House's Ukraine policy.^[2]

In June 2023, French authorities announced they had uncovered a Doppelganger campaign to target several French daily newspapers such as Le Figaro, Le Parisien, Le Monde and 20 minutes, as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The campaign created copycat websites of the newspapers, using them to promote pro-Russian content, including a fake Le Monde article titled "French Minister supports the murder of Russian soldiers in Ukraine". A fake Ministry of Foreign Affairs website was also created, including a fake announcement for a 1.5% tax on "every monetary transaction" to finance military support for Ukraine.^[10][11]

Despite its discovery and denunciation, Operation Doppelganger continued. In August 2023, Meta's security report stated that Doppelganger was targeting a new country: the United States. In the summer of 2023, Russian services copied the websites of Fox News, The Washington Post and the NATO website.^[12]

In November 2023, researchers identified a disinformation campaign linked to Doppelganger on Facebook. The campaign pushed ads with pictures of celebrities such as Taylor Swift, Beyoncé, Justin Bieber and others alongside fake pro-Russian and anti-Ukrainian quotes.^[5]

Doppelganger has pushed false information about the Israel–Hamas war using fake websites that mimic the appearance of Fox News, Le Parisien and Der Spiegel.^[8][9] The websites' articles promote the suggestion that financial support for Ukraine from Western powers has been diverted to Israel and that Ukraine will lose all military and financial support from the West.^[9] The fake articles appeared in Russian, Ukrainian, English, French, German and Hebrew, and were relayed by bots on Twitter. One forged German report attempted to link the energy crisis in Europe to the war, and a deepfake AI-generated video showed an IDF soldier inviting Ukrainians to join the Israeli army in exchange for payment and citizenship.^[8][13]

In November 2023, France accused Doppelganger and Recent Reliable News (RRN) of interfering in its internal affairs by sharing photos of Star of David graffiti painted on buildings across Paris.^[14][15] At the end of October 2023, stenciled blue Stars of David were discovered on street walls in Paris and its suburbs. The act, immediately described as antisemitic, was widely denounced as reminiscent of the Stars of David painted by the Nazis on Jewish-owned businesses. After a few days and the arrest of a Moldovan couple suspected of tagging the stars at the request of Anatoliï Prizenko, a pro-Russian Moldovan businessman, Le Monde reported that Prizenko was potentially behind the graffiti incident.^[16][14][17] A Russian influence operation was suspected. On November 9, 2023, France issued an official statement condemning the involvement of the Doppelganger network. Numerous accounts, attributed "with a high degree of trust" to the Doppelganger network, were the first to publish online photographs of the stenciled Stars of David, and were instrumental in artificially amplifying their spread on social networks.^[17] France's foreign ministry said it demonstrated how Russia was taking advantage of "international crises" to create confusion and fuel tensions.^[14]