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Drishti (yoga) - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Drishti (Sanskrit: दृष्टि, romanized: dṛṣṭi; pronounced [d̪r̩ʂʈɪ]), or focused gaze, is a means for developing concentrated intention. It relates to the fifth limb of yoga, pratyahara, concerning sense withdrawal,^[1] as well as the sixth limb, dharana, relating to concentration.^[2]

In Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga, each asana is associated with one of the 8 focused gazes, namely Angusthamadhye (thumb), Bhrumadhye (eyebrow), Nasagre (tip of nose), Hastagrahe (tips of hands), Parshva (side), Urdhva (up), Nabhicakre (navel), and Padayoragre (tips of feet) Drishtis. In some other styles such as Sivananda Yoga, less use is made of the gaze, and fewer types are employed.

History

The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali define eight limbs of yoga but do not mention the gaze. The sixth limb, dharana (concentration), however requires holding one's mind onto an inner state, subject or topic.^[3] The mind can for example be fixed on a mantra, one's breath, or a part of the body such as the navel or the tip of the tongue. This is an internal concentration of attention, not a gaze.^[4]^[5]

In the Bhagavad Gita VI.13, Krishna instructs the hero Arjuna to "hold one's body and head erect in a straight line and stare steadily at the tip of the nose".^[6]

The 1737 Joga Pradīpikā uses the same two Drishtis, Nasagre and Bhrumadhye, requiring their use with each of the 84 asanas described in the text.^[7]

Modern

Styles of modern yoga as exercise such as Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga, Iyengar Yoga and Sivananda Yoga make differing uses of Drishtis.^[8]^[9]^[10]

In Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga

Each asana is associated in Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga with a particular Drishti.^[8] There are eight Drishtis (counting the paired Parshva Drishtis on the left and right sides as one).^[11]^[12]

Drishti	Sanskrit	Gaze at	Used in
Angushthamadhye	अङ्गूष्ठमध्ये^[13]^[14]	Thumb	Surya Namaskar vinyasas; Urdhva Vrikshasana, Utkatasana, Virabhadrasana A^[15]
Bhrumadhye	भ्रूमध्ये^[16]^[14]	'Third eye', between eyebrows	Surya Namaskar uses it on the inhale following Uttanasana, during Urdhva Mukha Svanasana, and again on the inhale after Adho Mukha Svanasana.^[15]^[17]^[18]
Nasagre	नासाग्रे^[19]	Tip of nose	Many asanas, e.g. Surya Namaskara, Samasthitiḥ,^[20] Uttanasana and Chaturanga Dandasana; transition from Virabhadrasana A to Urdhva Mukha Svanasana^[15]^[18]^[21]
Hastagrahe	हसतग्रहे^[22]	Tips of fingers, or palm of hand^[23]	Utthita Trikonasana, Parivritta Trikonasana^[24]
Parshva	पार्श्व^[25]	Side (left or right)	Utthita Parshvasahita,^[26] Marichyasana C,^[27] and Marichyasana D^[28]
Urdhva	ऊर्घ्व^[29]	Upwards	Upavishta Konasana B^[30]^[31] and Ubhaya Padangushtasana.^[32]^[33]
Nabhicakre	नाभिचक्रे^[34]	Navel	Adho Mukha Shvanasana^[35]
Pādayoragre	पाडयोरग्रे	Toes	Paścimottānāsana^[36]^[37] sequence and Janu Sirsasana^[38]^[39]

In Iyengar Yoga

Iyengar Yoga rarely speaks of Drishtis, but in its instructions for some asanas it tells the practitioner to look in a certain direction, for example upwards in Trikonasana and forwards in Virabhadrasana II.^[9]

In Sivananda Yoga

Sivananda Yoga makes use of two Drishtis, namely Nāsāgre and Bhrūmadhye, for tratak exercise (a purification) rather than in asana practice.^[10] Vishnudevananda cautions that prolonged or incorrect practice may cause problems for the eye muscles or nervous system. Initial practice is often done for only minutes at a time, but is gradually increased to up to ten minute intervals.^[40]

References

^ Maehle 2011, p. 250.
^ Maehle 2011, p. 559.
^ Bouanchaud 1997, p. 149.
^ Bell 2007, pp. 145–151.
^ Jha 1907, pp. 94–95.
^ Life 2017.
^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 89–92.
^ ^a ^b Maehle 2011, pp. 250, 552.
^ ^a ^b Mehta 1990, pp. 22–28.
^ ^a ^b Vishnudevananda 2011, pp. 29–31, plates 5 and 6.
^ Steiner 2012, p. Legend for the Vinyasa table (bottom).
^ Maehle 2011, p. 552.
^ Monier-Williams 1964, p. 8.
^ ^a ^b Monier-Williams 1964, p. 782.
^ ^a ^b ^c Steiner 2012, p. Surya Namaskara B.
^ Monier-Williams 1964, p. 770.
^ Maehle 2011, pp. 878–1224.
^ ^a ^b Jois 2010, pp. 1471–1472.
^ Monier-Williams 1964, p. 538.
^ Maehle 2011, p. 785.
^ Maehle 2011, pp. 785–1224.
^ Monier-Williams 1964, p. 1294.
^ Maehle 2011, p. 1474.
^ Maehle 2011, pp. 1283, 1368.
^ Monier-Williams 1964, p. 622.
^ Steiner 2012, p. Utthita Parshvasahita.
^ Maehle 2011, p. 2661.
^ Maehle 2011, p. 2633.
^ Monier-Williams 1964, p. 222.
^ Steiner 2012, p. Upavishta Konasana B.
^ Maehle 2011, p. 3074.
^ Steiner 2012, p. Ubhaya Padangustasana.
^ Maehle 2011, p. 3232.
^ Monier-Williams 1964, p. 535.
^ Steiner 2012, p. Adho Mukha Shvasana.
^ Maehle 2011, p. 1984.
^ Steiner 2012, p. Paschimottanasana A.
^ Maehle 2011, p. 2412.
^ Steiner 2012, p. Janu Shirshanasa A.
^ Vishnudevananda 2011, p. 31.

Sources

Bell, Charlotte (2007). Mindful Yoga, Mindful Life: A Guide for Everyday Practice. Rodmell Press. ISBN 978-1930485204.
Bouanchaud, Bernard (1997). The Essence of Yoga: Reflections on the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali. Rudra Press. ISBN 978-0915801695.
Jha, Ganganatha (trans.) (1907). The Yoga-darsana: The sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa - Book 3 (Translator). Rajaram Tukaram Tatya, for the Bombay Theosophical Publication Fund.
Jois, K. Pattabhi (2010). Yoga Mala: The Seminal Treatise and Guide from the Living Master of Ashtanga Yoga (Kindle ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-86547-751-3.
Life, David (6 April 2017) [28 August 2007]. "See More Clearly By Practicing Drishti". Yoga Journal.
Maehle, Gregor (2011). Ashtanga Yoga Practice and Philosophy (Kindle ed.). New World Library. ISBN 978-1-57731-606-0.
Mallinson, James; Singleton, Mark (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-25304-5. OCLC 928480104.
Mehta, Silva; Mehta, Mira; Mehta, Shyam (1990). Yoga: The Iyengar Way. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0863184208.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Monier-Williams, Monier (1964). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages. Digitized and Searchable. Oxford University Press (Print) and University of Cologne (Digitized). ISBN 978-8-12150-200-9.
Steiner, Ronald P. (2012). "AshtangaYoga.info". Retrieved 2012-05-12.
Vishnudevananda, Swami (2011). The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga (Kindle ed.). Random House. ISBN 978-0-51788-431-7.

Asanas

Asana • Kriya • Mudra • Drishti • Pranayama • Sun Salutation • Vinyasa • Yoga as exercise • Yoga as therapy • Hatha yoga • Yoga

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Sitting

Meditation	Baddha Konasana (cobbler) Gomukhasana (cow face) Gorakshasana (cowherd) Padmasana (lotus) Siddhasana (accomplished) Simhasana (lion) Vajrasana (thunderbolt)
Twists	Bharadvajasana (the sage Bharadvaja) Marichyasana (the sage Marichi) Matsyendrasana (the sage Matsyendra, lord of the fishes) Pashasana (noose)
Other	Akarna Dhanurasana (shooting bow) Balasana (child) Garbha Pindasana (embryo in womb) Hanumanasana (monkey) Kraunchasana (heron) Kurmasana (tortoise) Malasana (garland) Mandukasana (frog) Mulabandhasana (root lock) Navasana (boat) Paschimottanasana (seated forward bend) Samakonasana (split) Virasana (hero)

Standing

Both legs	Parighasana (gate) Parshvottanasana (intense side stretch) Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend) Tadasana (mountain) Trikonasana (triangle) Utkatasana (powerful) Uttanasana (standing forward bend) Utthita Parshvakonasana (sideways) Virabhadrasana (warrior)
One leg	Ardha Chandrasana (half moon) Durvasasana (the sage Durvasa) Garudasana (eagle) Natarajasana (lord of the dance) Utthita Padangusthasana (standing big toe hold) Vrikshasana (tree)

Yoga as exercise

Topics

Asanas	List of asanas Standing asanas Downward dog Lotus position Meditation seats Sun Salutation Tree pose Warrior Accompaniments Drishti Pranayama Vinyāsa Hasta Vinyasas
Teacher training	Standards British Wheel of Yoga European Union of Yoga André Van Lysebeth Yoga Alliance
Therapy	Yoga using props 1979 Accessible yoga 2002 Trauma-sensitive yoga 2007 Restorative Yoga 2008 Yoga nidra International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller Janice Gates
Events	Competitive yoga International Day of Yoga
Journals	Asana Journal Yoga Journal
Props	Yoga brick Yoga mat Angela Farmer Hugger Mugger Yoga pants Lululemon

History

Early	Early modern yoga Vivekananda 1896 Raja Yoga Pierre Bernard Harmonial gymnastics/yoga Marguerite Agniel Mary Bagot Stack Genevieve Stebbins Physical culture B. C. Ghosh K. V. Iyer Seetharaman Sundaram Paramahansa Yogananda Autobiography of a Yogi
Aspects	Hot yoga Science of yoga Sexual abuse by yoga gurus Matthew Remski Yoga and cultural appropriation In advertising For children For women Geeta Iyengar Yoga tourism
Hybrids	1938 Naked yoga 1990 Mindful Yoga Frank Jude Boccio Anne Cushman Janice Gates Jon Kabat-Zinn Cyndi Lee Phillip Moffitt 2003 Acroyoga Doga 2013 Paddleboard Yoga 2014 Aerial yoga Beer yoga
By country	America 1961 Yoga for Health 1970 Lilias, Yoga and You Britain 1976 Lyn Marshall France Germany India Italy Russia Sweden 2015 Rachel Brathen Switzerland 1941 Selvarajan Yesudian
Books	1996 Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace 2004 Yoga in Modern India A History of Modern Yoga 2005 Positioning Yoga 2010 Yoga Body The Subtle Body 2015 Selling Yoga 2016 The Path of Modern Yoga 2017 Roots of Yoga 2019 Yoga in Britain 2020 The Story of Yoga
Films	2006 Guru 2009 Enlighten Up! 2012 Breath of the Gods

Schools
(Gurus)

1918 The Yoga Institute
- Shri Yogendra
- Hansa Yogendra
1924 Kaivalyadhama
- Swami Kuvalayananda
1934 Viniyoga
c. 1948 Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga
1959 Sivananda Yoga
- Vishnudevananda Saraswati
- Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga
1963 Bihar School of Yoga
- Satyananda Saraswati
1965 Ananda Yoga
- Kriyananda
1966 Integral Yoga
- Satchidananda Saraswati
1966 Kripalu Yoga
- Amrit Desai
- Stephen Cope
1971 Himalayan Institute
- Swami Rama
1973 Bikram Yoga
- Bikram Choudhury
1975 Iyengar Yoga
1975 Dharma Mittra
c. 1975 Yin Yoga
1982 Forrest Yoga
1984 Jivamukti Yoga
- Sharon Gannon
1995 Power Yoga
- Beryl Bender Birch
- Bryan Kest
1997 Anusara Yoga
- John Friend
2006 Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)

Yoga

Subtle body

Hinduism

Three Yogas	Karma yoga Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga and sometimes Rāja yoga
Philosophy	Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Yoga Vasistha Yoga Yajnavalkya
Concepts	Eight limbs Yama Niyama Asana Lotus position Pranayama Pratyahara Dhāraṇā Dhyana Samadhi Kriyā Mantra Pranava Nada Surat Shabd Aghor Yoga Mudras Bandha Mahamudra Viparita Karani List Nyasa Kumbhaka Sama vritti Shatkarmas Neti Dhauti Nauli Basti Kapalabhati Bhastrika Trataka Tapas Sādhanā
Tantra	Yogi Yogini Siddhi Mahasiddha Shaiva Siddhanta Laya Yoga Kundalini Sexual Yoga
Hatha yoga	Amaraugha Prabodha Amritasiddhi Bahr al-Hayat Hathabhyasapaddhati Hatha Ratnavali Hatha Yoga Pradipika Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience Gheranda Samhita Joga Pradipika Shiva Samhita Sritattvanidhi Vasishtha Samhita Vimanarcanakalpa Yogasopana Purvacatuska

Buddhism

Theravada	Samatha Samadhi (Buddhism) Vipassana Anapanasati Visuddhimagga
Mahayana	India Yogachara Japan Tendai Zazen
Vajrayana	India Kriyayoga (Buddhist) Caryayoga Anuttarayoga Sahajayana Tibet Devata yoga Yantra yoga Six Yogas of Naropa Tummo Ösel Karmamudra Milam Bardo Phowa Mahayoga Anuyoga Atiyoga Mahamudra China Tangmi Japan Shingon

Modern

As exercise	Asana Downward dog Standing asanas List of asanas Drishti Sun Salutation Vinyāsa Hasta Vinyasas Yoga as therapy Yoga for women Props Light on Yoga
Related	Yoga hybrids Mindful Yoga International Day of Yoga List of yoga schools Modern yoga gurus Yoga Nidra Yoga scholars (template) Journals Asana Journal Yoga Journal

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