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Ephedra distachya - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ephedra distachya

Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Gymnospermae
Division:	Gnetophyta
Class:	Gnetopsida
Order:	Ephedrales
Family:	Ephedraceae
Genus:	Ephedra
Species:	E. distachya
Binomial name
*Ephedra distachya* L.^[1]
Synonyms^[2]
Chaetocladus distachys (L.) J.Nelson Ephedra monostachya L. Ephedra polygonoides Pall. 1815 not Siev. 1796 Ephedra vulgaris Rich., illegitimate name Ephedra minor Host Ephedra botryoides Fisch. Ephedra media C.A.Mey. Ephedra subtristachya C.A.Mey. Ephedra arborea Lag. ex Bertol. Ephedra clusii Dufour Ephedra macrocephala Bertol. Ephedra maritima St.-Lag. Ephedra dubia Regel Ephedra podostylax Boiss. Ephedra linnaei Stapf ex Koehne Ephedra helvetica C.A.Mey. Ephedra rigida St.-Lag. Ephedra negrii Nouviant

Ephedra distachya is a shrub in the family Ephedraceae that stands about 25 cm to 50 cm high. The shrub grows in many parts of the world, including southern and central Europe and western and central Asia.^[2]^[3] Its local names include somlatha.^{[clarification needed]}^{[citation needed]} Ephedra distachya lives on grey dunes which are fixed and stable sand dunes that are covered in continuous vegetation.

Subspecies

Ephedra distachya subsp. distachya – central + southern Europe, southwestern + central Asia
Ephedra distachya subsp. helvetica (C.A.Mey.) Asch. & Graebn. – Switzerland, France, Italy, Slovenia, Austria

History

Ephedra is part of a group of plants called ‘gnetophytes’. These plants have hardly changed in the past 100 million years, and are thought to be relics of an ancient flora. The leaves of Ephedra are tiny and scale-like. Gnetophyte leaves evolved independently from leaves in flowering plants. Ephedra produces the alkaloid ephedrine, which has been shown to interfere with insect thermoregulation and may also have effects on insect neurotransmitters. This may be the method by which the plant deters insect herbivores.^[4]

Uses

Ephedra distachya is used to relieve acute muscular and rheumatic pains (when it is called teamsters' tea), as a stimulant, and in the cardio tonics in Ayurveda.^{[citation needed]} It is sometimes identified with the legendary drug soma, as described in the Avesta and the Rig Veda, the respective ancient sacred texts of the Zoroastrian and Hindu faiths.

Ephedrine, an alkaloid, is obtained from its dried branches and is used as a stimulant, often to control asthma. It was isolated from the plant by Nagayoshi Nagai in 1885. All parts of the plant contain up to 3% ephedrine.^[5]

Side effects

Although Ephedra has many benefits, it has side effects including insomnia and a fast heart rate.^[4]

Gallery

Botanical illustration.
Male plant in bloom.
Pollen cones.
Female cones.
Ripe cones with seeds.
Female plant with ripe cones.
Rhizome and bark.

References

^ "Ephedra distachya". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
^ ^a ^b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Efedra distachia, Ephedra distachya L.
^ ^a ^b "Sea Grape (Ephedra distachya)". Cambridge Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
^ "Meerträubel (Ephedra distachya) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2008-04-18.

Schneider-Binder, & Kuhlke, F. (2015). HABITATS WITH SEA GRAPE (EPHEDRA DISTACHYA) ON THE DUNES OF LETEA (DANUBE DELTA, ROMANIA)/Lebensräume mit Meerträubchen (Ephedra distachya) auf den Dünen von Letea (Donau-Delta, Rumänien)/Habitatele cu Ephedra distachya de pe dunele de la Letea (Delta Dunarii, România). Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research, 17(2), 45–. https://doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0062

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ephedra distachya.

Gymnosperm Database: Ephedra distachya. Retrieved 2017-07-05.

Taxon identifiers

Ephedra distachya

Wikidata: Q162784
Wikispecies: Ephedra distachya
APDB: 186864
APNI: 87596
BioLib: 2440
CoL: 6FNF9
EoL: 1156346
EPPO: EPEDI
EUNIS: 150760
FNA: 210000510
FoC: 210000510
GBIF: 2653321
GRIN: 15219
iNaturalist: 340431
IPNI: 383381-1
IRMNG: 10191221
ITIS: 183500
IUCN: 201680
NCBI: 3389
Observation.org: 117439
Open Tree of Life: 673442
PalDat: Ephedra_distachya
Paleobiology Database: 278274
PFI: 11487
PPE: ephedra-distachya
Plant List: kew-332906
PLANTS: EPDI2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:383381-1
Tropicos: 14300001
VicFlora: ddedb5fc-ad00-47cd-8d2c-14cc5148e243
WFO: wfo-0000794343