Ensiklopedia Dunia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Epoicotheriinae Temporal range: 53.0–30.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N early Eocene - early Oligocene

Artist reconstruction of Xenocranium pileorivale compared to the size of a human hand.

skull of Pentapassalus pearcei
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Palaeanodonta
Family:	†Epoicotheriidae
Subfamily:	†Epoicotheriinae Simpson, 1927^[1]
Type genus
†Epoicotherium Simpson, 1927
Genera
[see classification]

Epoicotheriinae ("strange beasts") is an extinct paraphyletic subfamily of insectivorous placental mammals within extinct paraphyletic family Epoicotheriidae in extinct order Palaeanodonta, that lived in North America and Europe from the early Eocene to early Oligocene.^[2] Epoicotheriins were fossorial mammals. Late Eocene/early Oligocene genera were highly specialized animals that were convergent with the talpids, golden moles and marsupial mole in the structure of their skulls and forelimbs, and would have had a similar lifestyle as subterranean burrowers.^[3]

Classification and phylogeny

Classification

Subfamily: †Epoicotheriinae ^{(paraphyletic subfamily)} (Simpson, 1927)
- Genus: †Pentapassalus (Gazin, 1952)
  - †Pentapassalus pearcei (Gazin, 1952)
  - †Pentapassalus woodi (Guthrie, 1967)
- Genus: †Tetrapassalus (Simpson, 1959)
  - †Tetrapassalus mckennai (Simpson, 1959)
  - †Tetrapassalus proius (West, 1973)
  - †Tetrapassalus sp. A [AMNH 10215] (Rose, 1978)
  - †Tetrapassalus sp. B (Robinson, 1963)
- (unranked): †Epoicotherium/Xenocranium clade
  - Genus: †Epoicotherium (Simpson, 1927)
    - †Epoicotherium unicum (Douglass, 1905)
  - Genus: †Molaetherium (Storch & Rummel, 1999)
    - †Molaetherium heissigi (Storch & Rummel, 1999)
  - Genus: †Xenocranium (Colbert, 1942)
    - †Xenocranium pileorivale (Colbert, 1942)

Phylogenetic tree

The phylogenetic relationships of subfamily Epoicotheriinae are shown in the following cladogram:^[4]^[5]^[6]

Ferae

Pan-Carnivora

Pholidotamorpha

Pholidota (sensu stricto)

†Palaeanodonta

†Escavadodontidae

†Melaniella

	†Ernanodontidae

	†Metacheiromys

†Metacheiromyinae

†Palaeanodon

†Brachianodon

†Mylanodon

†Propalaeanodontinae

†Arcticanodon

†Pentapassalus

	†Pentapassalus pearcei

	†Pentapassalus woodi

†Alocodontulum

†Auroratherium

†Tubulodon

†Dipassalus

†Epoicotheriinae

†Tetrapassalus

	†Tetrapassalus mckennai

	†Tetrapassalus proius

	†Tetrapassalus sp. A (AMNH 10215)

	†Tetrapassalus sp. B

†Xenocranium	†Xenocranium pileorivale

†Epoicotherium	†Epoicotherium unicum

†Molaetherium	†Molaetherium heissigi

†Epoicotheriidae

†Amelotabes

(Pholidota [sensu lato])

†Metacheiromyidae

†Epoicotherium/Xenocranium clade

References

^ G. G. Simpson (1927.) "In North American Oligocene edentate." Annals of Carnegie Museum 17 (2): 283-299
^ R. M. Schoch (1984.) "Revision of Metacheiromys (Wortman, 1903) and a review of the Palaeanodonta." Postilla 192:1-28
^ Kenneth D. Rose, Robert J. Emry (1983) "Extraordinary fossorial adaptations in the oligocene palaeanodonts Epoicotherium and Xenocranium (Mammalia)" Journal of Morphology 175(1):33 - 56
^ Kenneth D. Rose (2008). "Palaeanodonta and Pholidota". In Janis, Christine M; Gunnell, Gregg F; Uhen, Mark D (eds.). 9 - Palaeanodonta and Pholidota. pp. 135–146. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511541438.010. ISBN 9780511541438.
^ Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
^ Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.

Mammals of clade Pholidotamorpha

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Clade: Ferae
Clade: Pholidotamorpha

Pholidotamorpha

Order:
Pholidota

Suborder:
Eupholidota

Superfamily:
Manoidea

Family: Manidae	See in template: Manidae
Family: †Patriomanidae	†Cryptomanis †Patriomanis
Incertae sedis	†Necromanis

Superfamily:
†Eomanoidea

Family: †Eomanidae	†Eomanis

Family:
†Eurotamanduidae

†Eurotamandua

other
representatives

†Euromanis
Incertae sedis	†Pholidota sp. (BC 16’08)

Order:
†Palaeanodonta

Family:
†Epoicotheriidae
(paraphyletic family)

Subfamily:
†Epoicotheriinae
(paraphyletic subfamily)

†Pentapassalus †Tetrapassalus
†Epoicotherium/Xenocranium clade	†Epoicotherium †Molaetherium †Xenocranium

Family:
†Ernanodontidae

†Asiabradypus
†Ernanodon

Family:
†Escavadodontidae

†Escavadodon

Family:
†Metacheiromyidae
(paraphyletic family)

†Brachianodon †Mylanodon
Subfamily: †Metacheiromyinae (paraphyletic subfamily)	†Metacheiromys †Palaeanodon
Subfamily: †Propalaeanodontinae	†Propalaeanodon

Incertae sedis

†Arcticanodon
†Melaniella

Categories:

Hidden categories:

Classification and phylogeny

Classification

Phylogenetic tree

See also

References