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Equoidea - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Equoidea Temporal range: Late Paleocene–Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Restoration of Palaeotherium magnum

Domestic horse (Equus caballus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Suborder:	Hippomorpha
Superfamily:	Equoidea Hay, 1902
Families
Equidae †Palaeotheriidae

Equoidea is a superfamily of hippomorph perissodactyls containing the Equidae, Palaeotheriidae, and other basal equoids of unclear affinities, of which members of the genus Equus are the only extant species. The earliest fossil record of the Equoidea proves unclear, but they possibly could have originated during the late Paleocene in Europe or Asia. Definite fossil records of equoids are recorded by the earliest Eocene, in which the earliest equids in North America and basal equoids of unclear affinities in Europe both appeared.^[1] Palaeotheres are thought to have originated later in the early Eocene of Europe, although some researchers disagree on whether the subfamily Pachynolophinae belongs to the Palaeotheriidae.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Equoids may in part be defined by dental synapomorphies from its molars.^[5] Equoids were originally brachyodont (low-crowned) in dentition, but the morphologies of their molars had changed to adapt to different diets. Living equids are hypsodont, the result of evolutionary adaptations towards grazing diets.^[6]

References

^ Bronnert, Constance; Métais, Grégoire (2023). "Early Eocene hippomorph perissodactyls (Mammalia) from the Paris Basin". Geodiversitas. 45 (9): 277–326. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a9.
^ Remy, Jean A.; Krasovec, Gabriel; Lopez, Éric; Marandat, Bernard; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2019). "The Palaeotheriidae (Equoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene fauna of Aumelas (Hérault department, France)". Geodiversitas. 41 (1): 525–585. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a13.
^ Bai, Bin (2017). "Eocene Pachynolophinae (Perissodactyla, Palaeotheriidae) from China, and their palaeobiogeographical implications". Palaeontology. 60 (6): 837–852. doi:10.1111/pala.12319.
^ Remy, Jean A. (2017). "Critical comments on the genus Propachynolophus Lemoine, 1891 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equoidea)". Palaeovertebrata. 41: 1–18. doi:10.18563/pv.41.1.e3.
^ Hooker, Jerry J. (1994). "The beginning of the equoid radiation". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112 (1–2): 29–63. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1994.tb00311.x.
^ Engels, Sandra; Schultz, Julia A. (2018). "Evolution of the power stroke in early Equoidea (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 99: 271–291. doi:10.1007/s12549-018-0341-4.

Perissodactyla

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla

Perissodactyla

Incertae sedis

†Anthracobunia

Radinskya
†Anthracobunidae	Anthracobune Hsanotherium Jozaria Obergfellia
†Cambaytheriidae	Cambaytherium Kalitherium Nakusia Perissobune

†Brontotheriidae

- See Brontotheriidae

Equoidea

Equidae

- See Equidae

†Palaeotheriidae

†Pachynolophinae	Anchilophus Bepitherium Eurohippus Hyracotherium Lijiangia Lophiohippus Lophiotherium Metanchilophus Orolophus Pachynolophus Paranchilophus Propalaeotherium Qianohippus
†Palaeotheriinae	Cantabrotherium Iberolophus Idiodontherium Leptolophus Mekodontherium Metaplagiolophus Palaeotherium Paraplagiolophus Plagiolophus Pseudopalaeotherium

†Hyopsodontidae?

†Phenacodontidae?

Tetraclaenodon
†Meniscotheriinae	Ectocion Meniscotherium
†Phenacodontinae	Almogaver Copecion Eodesmatodon Lophocion Phenacodus

Tapiromorpha

- See below↓

Tapiromorpha

Incertae sedis

†Cambaylophus
†Skopaiolophus

†Isectolophidae

Chowliia Gandheralophus Karagalax Meridiolophus Orientolophus Sastrilophus
†Homogalaxinae	Homogalax
†Isectolophinae	Isectolophus Schizolophodon

†Ancylopoda

- See Ancylopoda

Ceratomorpha

Tapiroidea

†Deperetellidae	Bahinolophus Deperetella Irenolophus Teleolophus
†Helaletidae	Colodon Dilophodon Helaletes Heptodon Heteraletes Paracolodon Plesiocolopirus Thuliadanta? Vastanolophus
Tapiridae	†Eotapirus †Miotapirus †Nexuotapirus †Paratapirus †Plesiotapirus †Protapirus †Tapiravus Tapirus

Rhinocerotoidea

- See below↓

Rhinocerotoidea

Rhinocerotoidea sensu lato

†Breviodon
†Fouchia
†Minchenoletes
†Siamolophus
†Triplopus
†Yimengia

†Indolophidae

Indolophus

Rhinocerotoidea
sensu stricto

†Selenaletes

†Hyrachyidae

Hyrachyus

Amynodon
†Cadurcodontini	Cadurcodon Lushiamynodon Sharamynodon Sianodon
†Metamynodontini	Gigantamynodon Megalamynodon Metamynodon Paramynodon Zaisanamynodon

†Paraceratheriidae

†Forstercooperiinae	Forstercooperia Gobicerops Pappaceras
†Paraceratheriinae	Aralotherium Dzungarotherium Juxia Paraceratherium Urtinotherium

Rhinocerotidae

- See below↓

Rhinocerotidae

†Aceratheriinae

†Elasmotheriinae

Gulfoceras Victoriaceros
†Diceratheriini	Diceratherium Penetrigonias Skinneroceras Subhyracodon Trigonias
†Elasmotheriini	Bugtirhinus Caementodon Elasmotherium Hispanotherium Iranotherium Kenyatherium Meninatherium Menoceras Ninxiatherium Ningxiatherium Ougandatherium Parelasmotherium Procoelodonta Sinotherium Tongxinotherium

Rhinocerotinae

†Teleoceratini

Rhinocerotina

Dicerorhinini	†Coelodonta Dicerorhinus †Dihoplus †Pliorhinus †Stephanorhinus
Dicerotini	Ceratotherium Diceros †Miodiceros †Paradiceros
Rhinocerotini	†Gaindatherium †Nesorhinus Rhinoceros †Rusingaceros

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