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Tubulinea - Wikipedia

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Tubulinea

Amoeba proteus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Phylum:	Amoebozoa
Subphylum:	Lobosa
Class:	Tubulinea Smirnov et al. 2005
Subclasses & Orders
Corycidia Trichosida Echinamoebia Echinamoebida Elardia Leptomyxida Euamoebida Arcellinida

The Tubulinea are a major grouping of Amoebozoa, including most of the more familiar amoebae genera like Amoeba, Arcella, Difflugia and Hartmannella.

Characteristics

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During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical form or produce numerous cylindrical pseudopods. Each cylinder advances by a single central stream of cytoplasm, granular in appearance, and has no subpseudopodia. This distinguishes them from other amoeboid groups, although in some members this is not the normal type of locomotion.

Classification

This class was anticipated by some biologists such as Jahn, who grouped all amoebae with granular pseudopodia together,^[1] but most split the lobose amoebae into testate Testacealobosia and naked Gymnamoebia. These latter are polyphyletic, but molecular trees by Bolivar et al.^[2] identified a core monophyletic subgroup. Subsequent studies showed the testate lobose amoebae belong to the same group, which was thus renamed Lobosea sensu stricto^[3] or Tubulinea.^[4]

Taxonomy

The class Tubulinea, as of 2022, is classified into three major groups: Corycida, Echinamoebida and Elardia. The most taxonomically abundant group is Elardia, which contains the testate amoebae of Arcellinida and the naked amoebae of orders Leptomyxida and Euamoebida.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Corycidia Kang et al. 2017
- Family Microcoryciidae de Saedeleer 1934
- Order Trichosida Moebius 1889
  - Family Trichosphaeriidae Sheehan & Banner 1973
Order Echinamoebida Cavalier-Smith 2004 em. 2011
- Family Vermamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov 2011
- Family Echinamoebidae Page 1975
Elardia Kang et al. 2017
- Order Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons 1976 em. Page 1987
  - Family Flabellulidae Bovee & Jahn, 1967 ex Bovee 1970
  - Family Gephyramoebidae Pussard & Pons 1976
  - Family Leptomyxidae Goodey 1915
  - Family Rhizamoebidae Smirnov et al. 2016
- Superorder Eulobosia Cavalier-Smith 2016
  - Order Euamoebida Lepşi 1960 em. Cavalier-Smith 2016
    - Family Nolandellidae Cavalier-Smith 2011
    - Family Hartmannellidae Singh 1951 em. Smirnov et al. 2011
    - Family Amoebidae (Ehrenberg 1838) Page 1987
  - Order Arcellinida Kent 1880
    - Suborder Phryganellina Bovee 1985
      - Family Phryganellidae Jung 1942
      - Family Cryptodifflugiidae Jung 1942
    - Suborder Organoconcha Kosakyan et al. 2016
      - Family Microchlamyiidae Ogden 1985
    - Suborder Glutinoconcha Kosakyan et al. 2016
      - Infraorder Volnustoma Kosakyan et al. 2016
        Family Heleoperidae Jung 1942
      - Infraorder Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al. 2019
        Family Hyalospheniidae Schultze 1877 emend. Kosakyan & Lara 2012 [Nebelidae Taranek 1882]
      - Infraorder Excentrostoma Lahr et al. 2019
        Family Centropyxidae Jung 1942 [incl. Plagiopyxidae]
      - Infraorder Cylindrothecina González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara 2022
        Family Cylindrifflugiidae González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara 2022
      - Infraorder Longithecina Kosakyan et al. 2016
        Family Lesquereusiidae [Paraquadrulidae Deflandre 1953]
        
        Family Difflugiidae Wallich 1864
      - Infraorder Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. 2016
        Family Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. 2016 [Cyclopyxidae Schönborn 1989]
        
        Family Arcellidae Ehrenberg 1832

Amoeba proteus
Chaos sp.
Arcella sp. test
Trichosphaerium sieboldi

References

^ Jahn; Bovee; Jahn (1979). How to know the protozoa. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. ISBN 0-697-04759-8.
^ Bolivar, I.; Fahrni, J.F.; Smirnov, A. & Pawlowski, J. (2001). "SSU rRNA-based Phylogenetic Position of the Genera Amoeba and Chaos (Lobosea, Gymnamoebia): The Origin of Gymnamoebae Revisited". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (12): 2306–2314. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003777. PMID 11719580.
^ Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E.-Y; Oates, B. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the Amoebozoa and evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalansterium". European Journal of Protistology. 40: 21–48. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2003.10.001.
^ Smirnov, A.V.; Nassonova, E.S.; Berney, C.; Fahrni, J.; Bolivar, I. & Pawlowski, J. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae". Protist. 156 (2): 129–142. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2005.06.002. PMID 16171181.
^ Kang S, Tice AK, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD, Pánek T, Cepicka I, et al. (September 2017). "Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (9): 2258–2270. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx162. PMC 5850466. PMID 28505375.
^ Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W. (2018-09-26). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/jeu.12691. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078.
^ Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Kosakyan, Anush; Lara, Enrique; Mitchell, Edward A.D.; Morais, Luana; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Pánek, Tomáš; Kang, Seungho; Brown, Matthew W. (2019). "Phylogenomics and Morphological Reconstruction of Arcellinida Testate Amoebae Highlight Diversity of Microbial Eukaryotes in the Neoproterozoic". Current Biology. 29 (6): 991–1001. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.078. hdl:11380/1301486.
^ González-Miguéns, Rubén; Todorov, Milcho; Blandenier, Quentin; Duckert, Clément; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Ramos, Diana; Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Buckley, David; Lara, Enrique (2022). "Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 175: 107557. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107557. hdl:10261/281619. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 35777650.

Eukaryote classification

(major groups

Amoebozoa	Discosea Tubulinea Eumycetozoa Variosea Archamoebea Cutosea

Obazoa

Opisthokonta

Holomycota	Rotosphaerida Fungi¹

Holozoa

Filozoa

Filasterea
Choanozoa	Choanoflagellata Animalia¹

Diaphoretickes

Provora

Haptista

TSAR

Telonemia

SAR

Rhizaria

Alveolata

Colponemida* Ciliophora
Myzozoa	Apicomplexa Chrompodellida Dinoflagellata Perkinsozoa

Stramenopiles

Platysulcus
Bigyra	Bicosoecida Placidozoa Sagenista
Gyrista	Developea Pirsoniales Hyphochytriomycetes Ochrophyta Oomycetes Actinophryida

CAM

Pancryptista

Microheliella
Cryptista	Palpitomonas Cryptophyta

Archaeplastida

Viridiplantae
(Plants sensu lato)

Prasinodermophyta
Chlorophyta

Streptophyta	Chlorokybus Mesostigma Klebsormidiophyceae Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophyta¹

Excavates*

Discoba

Jakobida Tsukubamonas
Discicristata	Heterolobosea Euglenozoa

Metamonada

Malawimonada

Incertae sedis

Hemimastigophora	Spironematellidae Paramastigidae
Ancyromonadida	Ancyromonadidae Planomonadidae
CRuMs	Collodictyonidae Mantamonadida Rigifilida

¹traditional kingdoms excluded from protists
*paraphyletic groups
bold denotes groups with over 1,000 species

(major groups

Elardia

Eulobosia

Arcellinida

incertae sedis

Organoconcha

Microchlamyiidae

Phryganellina

Glutinoconcha

Longithecina	Lesquereusidae Difflugiidae
Excentrosoma	Centropyxidae Plagiopyxidae
Volnustoma	Heleoperidae
Hyalospheniformes	Hyalospheniidae
Sphaerothecina	Cucurbitellidae Distomatopyxidae Lamtopyxidae Netzeliidae Arcellidae Trigonopyxidae
Cylindrothecina	Cylindrifflugiidae

Discosea

Stygamoebida

Stygamoebidae

Centramoebia

Acanthopodida	Acanthamoebidae Balamuthiidae
Himatismenida	Parvamoebidae Cochliopodiidae
Pellitida	Pellitidae Goceviidae

Flabellinia

Thecamoebida	Stenamoebidae Thecamoebidae
Dermamoebida	Dermamoebidae Mayorellidae
Vannellida	Vannellidae Discamoebidae
Dactylopodida	Paramoebidae Vexilliferidae

Evosea

Cutosea

Squamocutida	Idionectidae Sapocribridae Squamamoebidae

Conosa

Archamoebea

Variosea

Eumycetozoa
(true slime molds)

Dictyostelia

Coenonia

Acytosteliales	Cavenderiaceae Acytosteliaceae
Dictyosteliales	Raperosteliaceae Dictyosteliaceae Coremiostelium Synstelium

Protosporangiida

Myxogastria
(Myxomycetes)

Lucisporomycetidae
(bright-spored)

Cribariidia

Cribrariales	Cribrariaceae

Trichiidia

Reticulariales	Reticulariaceae
Liceales	Liceaceae
Trichiales	Dianemataceae Trichiaceae

Columellomycetidae
(dark-spored)

Echinosteliopsidales

Echinosteliopsidaceae

Echinosteliidia

Echinosteliales	Echinosteliaceae

Stemonitidia

Clastodermatales	Clastodermataceae
Meridermatales	Meridermataceae
Stemonitidales	Stemonitidaceae Comatrichaceae
Physarales	Lamprodermataceae Didymiaceae Kelleromyxaceae Physaraceae Tasmaniomyxa

incertae sedis

Category:Amoebozoa

Taxon identifiers
Tubulinea	Wikidata: Q146300 Wikispecies: Tubulinea AFD: Tubulinea CoL: K6 EoL: 10569252 EPPO: 1TUBUC GBIF: 9775802 NZOR: d9fe7370-5473-4a82-8014-40674b9bbe5c Open Tree of Life: 599085 Paleobiology Database: 212584 WoRMS: 582188

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