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F minor - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

F minor
${ \magnifyStaff #3/2 \omit Score.TimeSignature \key f \minor s16 \clef F \key f \minor s^"" }$
Component pitches
Relative key	A-flat major
Parallel key	F major
Dominant key	C minor
Subdominant	B-flat minor
F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭

F minor is a minor scale based on F, consisting of the pitches F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, and E♭. Its key signature consists of four flats. Its relative major is A-flat major and its parallel major is F major. Its enharmonic equivalent, E-sharp minor, has six single sharps and the double sharp F, which makes it impractical to use.

The F natural minor scale is

$\header { tagline = ##f } scale = \relative c' { \key f \minor \omit Score.TimeSignature f^"F natural minor scale" g aes bes c des es f es des c bes aes g f2 \clef F \key f \minor } \score { { << \cadenzaOn \scale \context NoteNames \scale >> } \layout { } \midi { } }$

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are

$\header { tagline = ##f } scale = \relative c' { \key f \minor \omit Score.TimeSignature f^"F harmonic minor scale" g aes bes c des e f e des c bes aes g f2 } \score { { << \cadenzaOn \scale \context NoteNames \scale >> } \layout { } \midi { } }$

$\header { tagline = ##f } scale = \relative c' { \key f \minor \omit Score.TimeSignature f^"F melodic minor scale (ascending and descending)" g aes bes c d e f es? des? c bes aes g f2 } \score { { << \cadenzaOn \scale \context NoteNames \scale >> } \layout { } \midi { } }$

Scale degree chords

The scale degree chords of F minor are:

Music in F minor

Famous pieces in the key of F minor include Beethoven's Appassionata Sonata, Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 2, Ballade No. 4, Haydn's Symphony No. 49, La Passione and Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. 4.

Glenn Gould once said if he could be any key, he would be F minor, because "it's rather dour, halfway between complex and stable, between upright and lascivious, between gray and highly tinted... There is a certain obliqueness."^[1]

Hermann von Helmholtz once described F minor as harrowing and melancholy. Christian Schubart described this key as "Deep depression, funereal lament, groans of misery and longing for the grave".^[2]

Notable compositions

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
- Stabat Mater
Antonio Vivaldi
- "Winter" from The Four Seasons, RV 297
Johann Sebastian Bach
- Harpsichord Concerto No. 5
- "Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ", BWV 639
Joseph Haydn
- Symphony No. 49 ("La Passione")
- Variations in F minor
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Aria "L'ho perduta, me meschina" from The Marriage of Figaro, act 4
- Adagio and Allegro in F minor for a mechanical organ, K. 594
Jan Ladislav Dussek
- Piano Sonata No. 28 in F minor "L'invocation", Op. 77
Ludwig van Beethoven
- Egmont, Op. 84: Overture in F minor
- Piano Sonata No. 1, Op. 2/1
- Piano Sonata No. 23 (Appassionata), Op. 57
- String Quartet No. 11 "Serioso", Op. 95
Felix Mendelssohn
- String Quartet No. 6
- Organ Sonata, Op. 65, No. 1
Carl Maria von Weber
- Clarinet Concerto No. 1
- Konzertstück in F minor
Frédéric Chopin
- Ballade No. 4, Op. 52
- Fantaisie in F minor, Op. 49
- Trois nouvelles études, No. 1
- Étude Op. 10, No. 9
- Étude Op. 25, No. 2 "Bees"
- Prelude Op. 28, No. 18 "Suicide"
- Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 21
- Nocturne in F minor, Op. 55 No. 1
- Mazurka, Op. 63 No. 2
- Mazurka, Op. 68 No. 4 (Posthumous)
Charles-Valentin Alkan
- Prelude, Op. 31, No. 2 (Assez lentement)
- Symphony for Solo Piano, 2nd movement: Marche funèbre
Franz Liszt
- Funérailles
- Transcendental Étude No. 10 "Appassionata"
- Trois études de concert, No. 2 "La leggierezza"
Franz Schubert
- Fantasia in F minor
- Impromptu No. 1, Op. 142
- Impromptu No. 4, Op. 142
Robert Schumann
- Piano Sonata No. 3
Johannes Brahms
- Piano Quintet, Op. 34
- Piano Sonata No. 3, Op. 5
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
- Symphony No. 4
- The Tempest
Anton Bruckner
- Mass No. 3
Alexander Borodin
- String Quintet
Paul Dukas
- The Sorcerer's Apprentice (L'apprenti sorcier)
Ralph Vaughan Williams
- English Folk Songs
- Symphony No. 4
- Tuba Concerto in F minor
Dmitri Shostakovich
- Symphony No. 1
- String Quartet No. 11, Op. 122
Max Reger
- Piano Concerto in F minor, Op. 114
Johann Pachelbel
- Chaconne in F minor

E-sharp minor

E-sharp minor
${ \magnifyStaff #3/2 \omit Score.TimeSignature \key eis \minor s16 \clef F \key eis \minor s^"" }$

Alternative notation
${ \magnifyStaff #3/2 \omit Score.TimeSignature \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((3 . ,SHARP)(0 . ,SHARP)(4 . ,SHARP)(1 . ,SHARP)(-2 . ,SHARP)(2 . ,SHARP)(-1 . ,SHARP)(3 . ,DOUBLE-SHARP)) s^"" }$
Component pitches
Relative key	G-sharp major (theoretical) →enharmonic: A-flat major
Parallel key	E-sharp major (theoretical) →enharmonic: F major
Dominant key	B-sharp minor (theoretical) →enharmonic: C minor
Subdominant	A-sharp minor
Enharmonic	F minor
E♯, F, G♯, A♯, B♯, C♯, D♯

E-sharp minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note E♯, consisting of the pitches E♯, F, G♯, A♯, B♯, C♯ and D♯. Its key signature has eight sharps, requiring one double sharp and six single sharps. Its relative major is G-sharp major, which is usually replaced by A-flat major. Its parallel major, E-sharp major, is usually replaced by F major, as E-sharp major’s four double-sharps make it impractical to use. Because of that enharmonic relationship, it is usually noted as the enharmonic minor of F minor whose key signature has four flats.

The E-sharp natural minor scale is:

$\header { tagline = ##f } scale = \relative c' { \key eis \minor \omit Score.TimeSignature eis^"E♯ Natural minor scale" fisis gis ais bis cis dis eis dis cis bis ais gis fisis eis2 } \score { { << \cadenzaOn \scale \context NoteNames \scale >> } \layout { } \midi { } }$

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E-sharp harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:

$\header { tagline = ##f } scale = \relative c' { \key eis \minor \omit Score.TimeSignature eis^"E♯ Harmonic minor scale" fisis gis ais bis cis disis eis disis cis bis ais gis fisis eis2 } \score { { << \cadenzaOn \scale \context NoteNames \scale >> } \layout { } \midi { } }$

$\header { tagline = ##f } scale = \relative c' { \accidentalStyle modern \key eis \minor \omit Score.TimeSignature eis^"E♯ Melodic minor scale (ascending and descending)" fisis gis ais bis cisis disis eis dis? cis? bis ais gis fisis eis2 } \score { { << \cadenzaOn \scale \context NoteNames \scale >> } \layout { } \midi { } }$

Although E-sharp minor is usually notated as F minor, it could be used on a local level, such as bars 17 to 22 in Johann Sebastian Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C-sharp major. (E-sharp minor is the mediant minor key of C-sharp major.)

The scale-degree chords of E-sharp minor are: