| Pterygota Temporal range:
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| (unranked): | Dicondylia |
| Subclass: | Pterygota Gegenbaur, 1878[1] |
| Subdivisions | |
Pterygota (/ˌtɛrəˈɡoʊtə/ terrə-GOH-tə[2] Ancient Greek: πτερυγωτός, romanized: pterugōtós, lit. 'winged') is a subclass of insects that includes all winged insects and groups which lost them secondarily.[3]
Pterygota group comprises 99.9% of all insects.[4] The orders not included are the Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and the Zygentoma (silverfishes and firebrats), two primitively wingless insect orders. Unlike Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, the pterygotes do not have styli or vesicles on their abdomen (also absent in some zygentomans), and with the exception of the majority of mayflies, are also missing the median terminal filament which is present in the ancestrally wingless insects.[5][6][7]
The oldest known representatives of the group appeared during the mid-Carboniferous, around 328–324 million years ago, and the group subsequently underwent rapid diversification. Claims that they originated substantially earlier during the Silurian or Devonian based on molecular clock estimates are unlikely based on the fossil record, and are likely analytical artefacts.[8]
Systematics
Traditionally, this group was divided into the infraclasses Paleoptera and Neoptera.[9] The former are nowadays strongly suspected of being paraphyletic, and better treatments (such as dividing or dissolving the group) are presently being discussed[citation needed]. In addition, it is not clear how exactly the neopterans are related among each other. The Exopterygota might be a similar assemblage of rather ancient hemimetabolous insects among the Neoptera like the Palaeoptera are among insects as a whole. The holometabolous Endopterygota seem to be very close relatives, indeed, but nonetheless appear to contain several clades of related orders, the status of which is not agreed upon.[citation needed]
The following scheme uses finer divisions than the one above, which is not well-suited to correctly accommodating the fossil groups.
Classification
- Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
- Superorder Palaeodictyopteroidea
- Order Palaeodictyoptera †(extinct)
- Order Megasecoptera †(extinct)
- Order Permothemistida †(extinct)
- Order Diaphanopterodea †(extinct)
- Metapterygota
- Superorder Odonatoptera
- Order Protodonata or Meganisoptera †(extinct)
- Order Protanisoptera †(extinct)
- Order Triadophlebioptera †(extinct)
- Order Protozygoptera or Archizygoptera †(extinct)
- Order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)
- Infraclass Neoptera
- Polyneoptera
- Order Caloneurodea †(extinct)
- Order Glosselytrodea †(extinct)
- Order Titanoptera †(extinct)
- Order Protorthoptera †(extinct)
- Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
- Order Embioptera (webspinners)
- Order Zoraptera (angel insects)
- Order Dermaptera (earwigs)
- Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc.)
- Order Phasmatodea (stick insects)
- Clade Notoptera
- Order Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers)
- Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)
- Superorder Dictyoptera
- Order Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)
- Order Mantodea (mantises)
- Order Alienoptera †(extinct)
- Eumetabola
- Order Miomoptera †(extinct)
- Paraneoptera
- Order Psocodea (booklice, barklice, lice)
- Superorder Condylognatha
- Order Thysanoptera (thrips)
- Order Hemiptera (true bugs)
- Endopterygota
- Superorder Hymenopterida
- Order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, etc.)
- Aparaglossata
- Neuropteroidea
- Superorder Neuropterida
- Order Raphidioptera (snakeflies)
- Order Megaloptera (alderflies, etc.)
- Order Neuroptera (net-veined insects)
- Superorder Coleopterida
- Order Coleoptera (beetles)
- Order Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites)
- Superorder Neuropterida
- Superorder Panorpida
- Antliophora
- Mecopteroidea
- Order Mecoptera (scorpionflies, etc.)
- Order Siphonaptera (fleas)
- Order Diptera (true flies)
- Order Protodiptera †(extinct)
- Mecopteroidea
- Amphiesmenoptera
- Order Trichoptera (caddisflies)
- Order Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)
- Antliophora
- Neuropteroidea
- Superorder Hymenopterida
- Polyneoptera
- Superorder Odonatoptera
References
- ^ Gegenbaur, C (1878). Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomie. Zweite verbesserte Auflage (in German). Vol. 2nd ed. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. p. 244.
- ^ "Pterygota". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
- ^ Vincent H. Resh; Ring T. Cardé (4 April 2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-08-054605-6.
- ^ "The Evolution and Genetics of Migration in Insects".
- ^ Weyda, František (25 June 1988). "Coxal Setal Organs in Archaeognatha and Zygentoma (Insecta)". In Hník, Pavel; Soukup, Tomáš; Vejsada, Richard; Zelená, Jiřina (eds.). Mechanoreceptors: Development, Structure, and Function. Springer US. pp. 365–367. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0812-4_70. ISBN 978-1-4899-0814-8 – via Springer Link.
- ^ Drummond, F. H. (25 December 1953). "THE EVERSIBLE VESICLES OF CAMPODEA (THYSANURA)". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology. 28 (10–12): 145–148. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1953.tb00643.x – via CrossRef.
- ^ Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (3 November 2014). The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-84615-5 – via Google Books.
- ^ Schachat, Sandra R; Goldstein, Paul Z; Desalle, Rob; Bobo, Dean M; Boyce, C Kevin; Payne, Jonathan L; Labandeira, Conrad C (2 February 2023). "Illusion of flight? Absence, evidence and the age of winged insects". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 138 (2): 143–168. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blac137. ISSN 0024-4066.
- ^ Maddison, David (1 January 2002). "Pterygota Winged Insects". Tree of Life.
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