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Front vowels are a class of vowel sounds used in spoken languages that are produced when the tongue is positioned toward the front of the mouth. Front vowels appear in most of the world's languages, with [i] and [e] being present in 92% and 61% of languages according to PHOIBLE.
Front vowels can be rounded, but are typically unrounded, meaning that the lips are relaxed while speakers are producing them. This is because languages want to maximize the degree of contrast between vowels.[1] Rounding has the effect of bringing a vowel further back in the mouth, so across the world's languages, it's more common for front vowels to be unrounded than rounded, and for back vowels to be rounded rather than unrounded.[2] This is reflected in the position of rounded front vowels on the IPA vowel chart. They are written to the right of the unrounded front vowels to note that they are typically centralized.
Partial list
The front vowels that have dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
- close front unrounded vowel [i]
- close front compressed vowel [y]
- near-close front unrounded vowel [ɪ]
- near-close front compressed vowel [ʏ]
- close-mid front unrounded vowel [e]
- close-mid front compressed vowel [ø]
- open-mid front unrounded vowel [ɛ]
- open-mid front compressed vowel [œ]
- near-open front unrounded vowel [æ]
- open front unrounded vowel [a]
- open front rounded vowel [ɶ]
There also are front vowels without dedicated symbols in the IPA:
- close front protruded vowel [yʷ]
- near-close front protruded vowel [ʏʷ]
- close-mid front protruded vowel [øʷ]
- mid front unrounded vowel [e̞] or [ɛ̝]
- mid front compressed vowel [ø̞] or [œ̝]
- mid front protruded vowel [ø̞ʷ] or [œ̝ʷ]
- open-mid front protruded vowel [œʷ]
As above, other front vowels can be indicated with diacritics of relative articulation applied to letters for neighboring vowels, such as ⟨i̞⟩, ⟨e̝⟩ or ⟨ɪ̟⟩ for a near-close front unrounded vowel.
Articulatory Characteristics
In articulatory phonetics, fronted vowels contrast with raised vowels and retracted vowels. In this conception, fronted vowels are a broader category than those listed in the IPA chart, including central vowels [ɨ ʉ ɘ ɵ ə ɜ]. Within the fronted vowels, vowel height (open or close) is determined by the position of the jaw, not by the tongue directly. Phonemic raised and retracted vowels may be phonetically fronted by certain consonants, such as palatals and, in some languages, pharyngeals. For example, /a/ may be fronted to [æ] next to /j/ or /ħ/.[3]
Acoustic Characteristics
Acoustically, front vowels have a higher second formant (F2)—the second harmonic from the fundamental frequency—than central and back vowels. The second formant corresponds with how far forward the tongue can be positioned relative to the very back of the mouth. Open-front vowels have a lower F2 than close-front vowels because there is less room for the tongue to move forward when the jaw is hinged open.
Effect on preceding consonant
In many languages, front vowels influence the place of articulation of surrounding consonants. In the following examples, front vowels have altered preceding velar and alveolar consonants, bringing their place of articulation towards palatal or postalveolar. These changes often start as allophonic variation, but may become phonemic.
This historical palatalization is reflected in the orthographies of several European languages, including the ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ of almost all Romance languages, the ⟨k⟩ and ⟨g⟩ in Norwegian, Swedish, Faroese and Icelandic, and the ⟨κ⟩, ⟨γ⟩ and ⟨χ⟩ in Greek. English follows the French pattern, but without as much regularity. However, for native or early borrowed words affected by palatalization, English has generally altered the spelling after the pronunciation (Examples include cheap, church, cheese, churn from /*k/, and yell, yarn, yearn, yeast from /*ɡ/.)
| Before back vowel: hard | Before front vowel: soft | |
|---|---|---|
| English ⟨C⟩ | call /kɔːl/ | cell /sɛl/ |
| English ⟨G⟩ | gall /ɡɔːl/ | gel /dʒɛl/ |
| French ⟨C⟩ | Calais [kalɛ] ⓘ | cela [səla] ⓘ |
| French ⟨G⟩ | gare [ɡaʁ] ⓘ | gel [ʒɛl] ⓘ |
| Greek ⟨Γ⟩ | γάιδαρος [ˈɣai̯ðaros] ⓘ | γη [ʝi] ⓘ |
| Greek ⟨Χ⟩ | Χανιά [xaˈɲa] ⓘ | χαίρετε [ˈçerete] ⓘ |
| Italian ⟨C⟩ | caro [ˈkaːro] ⓘ | città [tʃitˈta] ⓘ |
| Italian ⟨G⟩ | gatto [ˈɡatto] ⓘ | gente [ˈdʒɛnte] ⓘ |
| Italian ⟨SC⟩ | scusa [ˈskuːza] ⓘ | pesce [ˈpeʃʃe] ⓘ |
| Japanese ⟨S⟩ | sūdoku [sɯꜜːdokɯ] ⓘ | shiitake [ɕiꜜːtake] ⓘ[a] |
| Japanese ⟨T⟩ | atatakai [atatakaꜜi] ⓘ | dotchi [dotꜜtɕi] ⓘ[a] |
| Swedish ⟨K⟩ | karta [ˈkɑ̂ːʈa] ⓘ | kär [ɕæːr] ⓘ |
| Swedish ⟨G⟩ | god [ɡuːd] ⓘ | göra [ˈjœ̂ːra] ⓘ |
| Swedish ⟨SK⟩ | skal [skɑːl] ⓘ | skälla [ˈɧɛ̂lːa] ⓘ |
- ^ a b Palatalization of /si/, /ti/ etc. is shown in spelling in Hepburn romanization.
See also
References
- ^ Lindblom, Björn (1986). "Phonetic universals in vowel systems". In Ohala, John J.; Jaeger, Jeri J. (eds.). Experimental phonology. Orlando, Flo.: Acad. Pr. pp. 13–44. ISBN 978-0-12-524940-9.
- ^ Zsiga, Elizabeth C. (2013). The sounds of language: an introduction to phonetics and phonology. Linguistics in the world. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9103-6.
- ^ Scott Moisik, Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins, & John H. Esling (2012) "The Epilaryngeal Articulator: A New Conceptual Tool for Understanding Lingual-Laryngeal Contrasts"
