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Google Tensor - Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Google Tensor G5)
Series of system-on-chip processors
This article is about the system-on-chip; it is not to be confused with Tensor Processing Unit, TensorFlow, or Tenor (website).

Google Tensor
Illustration of a blue system-on-chip adorned with the Google favicon
Illustration of the first-generation Tensor chip
LaunchedOctober 5, 2021; 4 years ago (2021-10-05)
Designed byGoogle
Common manufacturer
  • Samsung (G1–G4)
    TSMC (G5 onwards)
GPUsMali, PowerVR
Co-processorTitan
ApplicationPixel

Google Tensor is a series of ARM64-based system-on-chip (SoC) processors designed by Google for its Pixel devices. It was originally conceptualized in 2016, following the introduction of the first Pixel smartphone, though actual developmental work did not enter full swing until 2020. The first-generation Tensor chip debuted on the Pixel 6 smartphone series in 2021, and was succeeded by the Tensor G2 chip in 2022, G3 in 2023, G4 in 2024 and G5 in 2025. Tensor has been generally well received by critics.

Development

[edit]

Background

[edit]

Development on a Google-designed system-on-chip (SoC) first began in April 2016, after the introduction of the company's first Pixel smartphone, although Google CEO Sundar Pichai and hardware chief Rick Osterloh agreed it would likely take an extended period of time before the product was ready.[1] The next year, the company's hardware division assembled a team of 76 semiconductor researchers specializing in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), which has since increased in size, to work on the chip.[2] Beginning in 2017, Google began to include custom-designed co-processors in its Pixel smartphones, namely the Pixel Visual Core on the Pixel 2 and Pixel 3 series and the Pixel Neural Core on the Pixel 4 series.[3][4]

By April 2020, the company had made "significant progress" toward a custom ARM-based processor for its Pixel and Chromebook devices, codenamed "Whitechapel".[5] At Google parent company Alphabet Inc.'s quarterly earnings investor call that October, Pichai expressed excitement at the company's "deeper investments" in hardware, which some interpreted as an allusion to Whitechapel.[6] The Neural Core was not included on the Pixel 5, which was released in 2020; Google explained that the phone's Snapdragon 765G SoC already achieved the camera performance the company had been aiming for.[7] In April 2021, 9to5Google reported that Whitechapel would power Google's next Pixel smartphones.[8] Google was also in talks to acquire Nuvia prior to its acquisition by Qualcomm in 2021.[9]

Google officially unveiled the chip, named Tensor, in August, as part of a preview of its Pixel 6 and Pixel 6 Pro smartphones.[10][11] Previous Pixel smartphones had used Qualcomm Snapdragon chips,[12] with 2021's Pixel 5a being the final Pixel phone to do so.[13] Pichai later obliquely noted that the development of Tensor and the Pixel 6 resulted in more off-the-shelf solutions for Pixel phones released in 2020 and early 2021.[1] In September 2022, The Verge reported that a Tensor-powered successor to the Pixelbook laptop with a planned 2023 release had been canceled due to cost-cutting measures.[14]

Design

[edit]

"Tensor" is a reference to Google's TensorFlow and Tensor Processing Unit technologies, and the chip is developed by the Google Silicon team housed within the company's hardware division, led by vice president and general manager Phil Carmack alongside senior director Monika Gupta,[15] in conjunction with the Google Research division.[2]

Tensor's microarchitecture consists of two large cores, two medium cores, and four small cores; this arrangement is unusual for octa-core SoCs, which typically only have one large core. Carmack explained that this was so Tensor could remain efficient at intense workloads by running both large cores simultaneously at a low frequency to manage the various co-processors.[15] Osterloh has stated that Tensor's performance is difficult to quantify using synthetic benchmarks, but should instead be characterized by the many ML capabilities it enables, such as advanced speech recognition,[1] real-time language translation, the ability to unblur photographs,[2] and HDR-like frame-by-frame processing for videos.[15]

Models

[edit]
G1 (Original) G2 G3 G4 G5
Pixel devices 6, 6 Pro, and 6a 7, 7 Pro, 7a, Fold, and Tablet 8, 8 Pro, and 8a 9, 9 Pro, 9 Pro XL, 9 Pro Fold, 9a, and 10a 10, 10 Pro, 10 Pro XL, and 10 Pro Fold
SoC Launch date October 19, 2021 (2021-10-19)[16][17] October 6, 2022 (2022-10-06)[18] October 4, 2023 (2023-10-04)[19] August 22, 2024 (2024-08-22)[20] August 20, 2025 (2025-08-20)
Model number GS101 (S5P9845)[8][21] GS201 (S5P9855)[22] GS301 (S5P9865)[23] GS401 (S5P9875)[24] —N/a
Codename Whitechapel[8] Cloudripper[22] Zuma[25] Zuma Pro[26] Laguna[27]
Fabrication 5 nm LPE[2][28] 5 nm[29] 4 nm[30] 4 nm[31] 3 nm[32]
Manufacturer Samsung[8][33][34][31] TSMC[32]
CPU ISA ARMv8.2-A[35][36] ARMv9[37] ARMv9.2-A[24]
Bit width 64-bit[35][38][39][31]
μarch Octa-core:[15][2]
2× 2.8 GHz Cortex-X1
2× 2.25 GHz Cortex-A76
4× 1.8 GHz Cortex-A55
Octa-core:[40]
2× 2.85 GHz Cortex-X1
2× 2.35 GHz Cortex-A78
4× 1.8 GHz Cortex-A55
Nona-core:[41]
1× 2.91 GHz Cortex-X3
4× 2.37 GHz Cortex-A715
4× 1.7 GHz Cortex-A510
Octa-core:[31]
1× 3.1 GHz Cortex-X4
3× 2.6 GHz Cortex-A720
4× 1.92 GHz Cortex-A520
Octa-core:[42]
1× 3.78 GHz Cortex-X4
5× 3.05 GHz Cortex-A725
2× 2.25 GHz Cortex-A520
Security TrustZone (Trusty OS)[43][44][45][46][31]
GPU μarch Mali-G78 MP20[2][15] Mali-G710 MP7[40] Mali-G715 MP7[41][47][31][24] PowerVR DXT-48-1536[31]
Frequency 848 MHz[28] 848 MHz 890 MHz[25] 940 MHz[31][24] 1100 MHz[31]
Performance (FP32) 1085.4 GFLOPs[48] 759.8 GFLOPs[48] 1594.8 GFLOPs[48] 1684.4 GFLOPs[48] 1689.6 GFLOPs[49]
RAM Type LPDDR5[28][40] LPDDR5X[41][31][42]
Bus width 4× 16-bit (quad-channel)[28][50][47][31]
Speed 3200 MHz[28][50] 4266 MHz[47][51]
Bandwidth 51.2 GB/s[28][50] 68.2 GB/s[47][51]
Storage Type UFS 3.1[52][53][54][55][41][56] UFS 4.0[57]
ISP NPU 1st Gen Edge TPU[28][44]
(Abrolhos) @ 1066 MHz
2nd Gen Edge TPU
(Janeiro) @ 1066 MHz
3rd Gen Edge TPU[24]
(Rio) @ 1119 MHz
4th Gen TPU[58]
Wireless Modem
(external)
Exynos 5123b[28][59][60] Exynos 5300g[61] Exynos 5300i[41] Exynos 5400c[31][62] Exynos 5400i[63]
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 6E[52][53][54][55] Wi-Fi 7[64][65][31]
Bluetooth 5.2[52][53][54][55] Bluetooth 5.3[65][31] Bluetooth 6.0
Navigation Dual-band GNSS[52][53][54][55][45][46][31]

Original

[edit]

The first-generation Tensor chip debuted on the Pixel 6 and Pixel 6 Pro, which were officially announced in October 2021 at the Pixel Fall Launch event.[16][17] It was later reused for the Pixel 6a, a mid-range variant of the Pixel 6 series which was announced in July 2022.[66] Despite being marketed as developed by Google, close-up examinations revealed that the chip contains numerous similarities with Samsung's Exynos series.[21][28]

G2

[edit]

A second-generation Tensor chip was in development by October 2021, codenamed "Cloudripper".[22] At the annual Google I/O keynote in July 2022, Google announced that the chip would debut on the Pixel 7 and Pixel 7 Pro smartphones,[67] which were officially announced on October 6 at the annual Made by Google event. The chip is marketed as "Google Tensor G2".[18] The chip was also used to power the Pixel 7a, Pixel Fold foldable smartphone, and Pixel Tablet which was unveiled in May 2023 during the annual I/O keynote.[68]

G3

[edit]

Samsung had begun testing Tensor G3 by August 2022, codenamed "Zuma". Announced in October 2023, the chip was used to power the Pixel 8a, Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro.[19] This chip is notable for having an unusual 9-core configuration, while all other generations have a more common 8-core configuration.

G4

[edit]

Codename: "Zuma Pro". Devices: Pixel 9, Pixel 9a, Pixel 9 Pro, Pixel 9 Pro XL and Pixel 9 Pro Fold.

G5

[edit]

Codename: "Laguna". Devices: Pixel 10, Pixel 10 Pro, Pixel 10 Pro XL and Pixel 10 Pro Fold.

The Tensor G5 features an Imagination Technologies PowerVR DXT-48-1536 GPU. This marked a departure from the Arm Mali GPUs used in previous Pixel phones, and a choice that was considered uncommon for a flagship device at the time of its release.[69]

Upon the Pixel 10's release, reviewers and users noted that the GPU's performance was subpar, particularly in intensive applications like game emulation. This lackluster performance was attributed to the inclusion of an outdated GPU driver in the phone's initial software.[70] Imagination Technologies had already released a newer driver with improved performance and compatibility, but this was not included with the Pixel 10 at launch. Google later stated that it would release GPU driver updates to improve performance in future software updates for the Pixel 10 series.[71]

Reception

[edit]

At launch, Tensor was well received. Philip Michaels of Tom's Guide praised the Pixel 6 and Pixel 6 Pro's Tensor-powered features and video enhancements,[72] as did Marques Brownlee and Wired's Julian Chokkattu.[73][74] Chokkattu's colleague Lily Hay Newman also highlighted the chip's security capabilities, declaring them Tensor's strongest selling point.[75] Jacon Krol of CNN Underscored wrote that Tensor delivered "some of the most fluid and fastest performance" on a smartphone,[76] though Android Authority's Jimmy Westenberg was ambivalent.[77] Ryne Hager of Android Police thought the chip's performance was acceptable to the everyday user, but was disappointed that Google did not offer more years of Android updates given it was no longer bound by Qualcomm's contractual terms.[78] TechRadar reviewer James Peckham commended Tensor as a "standout feature",[79] though his colleague David Lumb described the chip's performance as "strong but not class-leading".[80]

See also

[edit]
  • Apple silicon

References

[edit]
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  • Leadcore LC1810, LC1811
  • Marvell Armada 1500 mini
  • MediaTek MT65xx
  • Nvidia Tegra, 2, 3, 4i
  • Nufront NuSmart 2816M, NS115, NS115M
  • Renesas EMMA EV2, R-Car H1, RZ/A
  • Rockchip RK292x, RK30xx, RK31xx
  • Samsung Exynos 4 421x, 441x
  • ST-Ericsson NovaThor
  • Telechips TCC8803
  • Texas Instruments OMAP 4, Sitara AM4xxx
  • VIA WonderMedia WM88x0, 89x0
  • Xilinx Zynq-7000
  • ZiiLABS ZMS-20, ZMS-40
Cortex-A15
  • Allwinner A80
  • HiSilicon K3V3
  • MediaTek MT8135/V
  • Nvidia Tegra 4, K1
  • Renesas R-Car H2
  • Samsung Exynos 5 52xx, 54xx
  • Texas Instruments OMAP 5, DRA7xx, Sitara AM5xxx, AM57xx
Cortex-A17
  • MediaTek MT6595, MT5595
  • MStar 6A928
  • Rockchip RK3288
Others
  • Cortex-A12
ARMv7-A
compatible
  • Apple A6, A6X, S1, S1P, S2, S3
  • Broadcom Brahma-B15
  • Marvell P4J
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon S1, S2, S3, S4 Plus, S4 Pro, 600, 800 (Scorpion, Krait)
ARMv8-A
Others
  • Cortex-A32
Application
processors
(64-bit)
ARMv8-A
Cortex-A35
  • NXP i.MX8X
  • MediaTek MT6799, MT8516
  • Rockchip RK3308
Cortex-A53
  • Actions GT7, S900, V700
  • Allwinner A133, A64, H5, H64, R18
  • Altera Stratix 10
  • Amlogic S9 Family, T96x
  • Broadcom BCM2837
  • EZchip TILE-Mx100
  • HiSilicon Kirin 620, 650, 655, 658, 659, 930, 935
  • Marvell Armada PXA1928, Mobile PXA1908/PXA1936
  • MediaTek MT673x, MT675x, MT6761V, MT6762/V, MT6763T, MT6765/G/H, MT6795, MT8161, MT8163, MT8165, MT8732, MT8735, MT8752
  • NXP ARM S32, QorIQ LS1088, LS1043, i.MX8M
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 215, 410, 412, 415, 425, 427, 429, 430, 435, 439, 450, 610, 615, 616, 617, 625, 626, 630
  • Renesas RZ/V2M
  • Rockchip RK3328, RK3368, RK3528, RK3562, RK3576
  • Samsung Exynos 7570, 7578, 7580, 7870, 7880
  • Texas Instruments Sitara AM6xxx
  • UNISOC SC9820E, SC9832E, SC9860/GV, SL8541E
  • Xilinx ZynqMP
Cortex-A57
  • AMD Opteron A1100-series
  • NXP QorIQ LS20xx
  • Nvidia Tegra X1, Tegra X2
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 808 and 810
  • Samsung Exynos 7 5433, 7420
  • HiSilicon Kirin Hi1610 and Hi1612
Cortex-A72
  • AWS Graviton
  • Broadcom BCM2711
  • HiSilicon Kirin 950, 955, Kunpeng 916
  • MediaTek MT6797/D/T/X, MT8173, MT8176, MT8693
  • MStar 6A938
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 650, 652, 653
  • Rockchip RK3399, RK3576
  • NXP QorIQ LS2088, QorIQ LS1046A, QorIQ LX2160A, QorIQ LS1028A, i.MX8
Cortex-A73
  • Allwinner A333
  • Amlogic S922X
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 460, 632, 636, 660, 662, 665, 680, 685, 6s 4G Gen 1, 6s 4G Gen 2, 835
  • Samsung Exynos 7872, 7884, 7885, 7904, 9609, 9610, 9611
  • HiSilicon Kirin 710, 960, 970
  • MediaTek MT6771/V, MT6799, MT8183, MT8788
Others
  • Cortex-A34
ARMv8-A
compatible
  • Ampere eMAG
  • Apple A7, A8, A8X, A9, A9X, A10, A10X
  • Applied Micro X-Gene
  • Cavium ThunderX
  • Nvidia Tegra K1 (Denver), Tegra X2 (Denver2)
  • Qualcomm Kryo, Falkor
  • Samsung Exynos M1 (Mongoose), M2 (Mongoose)
ARMv8.1-A
ARMv8.1-A
compatible
  • Cavium ThunderX2
ARMv8.2-A
Cortex-A55
  • Allwinner A523
  • Rockchip RK3566, RK3568, RK3582, RK3588
  • Samsung Exynos 850
  • UNISOC SC9863/A, T158, T603, T7100
Cortex-A75
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 670, 710, 712, 845, 850
  • Samsung Exynos 9820, 9825
  • MediaTek MT6769H/T/V/Z, MT6768, MT6779V
  • UNISOC S512, S513, S562, S563, T310, T606, T610, T615, T616, T618, T619, T620, T700, T710, T7200, T7225, T7250, T7255, T7280, T740
Cortex-A76
  • ASR 8662
  • Allwinner A733
  • Google Tensor
  • HiSilicon Kirin 810, 820, 980, 985, 990
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 480(+), 675, 678, 720G, 730(G), 732G, 765(G), 768G, 855(+), 860, 7c (Gen 2), 8c, 8cx (Gen 2)
  • Microsoft SQ1, SQ2
  • MediaTek MT6781, MT6785V, MT6789, MT6833V/P, MT6853V/T, MT6873, MT6875, MT8192, Dimensity 6020, 6080, 6100+, 6300(+), 6400 (Max)
  • Rockchip RK3582, RK3588
  • Samsung Exynos 990
  • UNISOC S713, S752, S762, S913, T750, T760, T765, T770, T820, T8100, T8200, T9100
Cortex-A77
  • MediaTek Dimensity 1000(+)
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 690, 750G, 865(+), 870
  • HiSilicon Kirin 9000
  • Samsung Exynos 880, 980
Cortex-A78
  • Google Tensor G2
  • MediaTek MT6877, MT6878, MT6879, MT6891, MT6893, Dimensity 7020, 7025 (Ultra), 7030, 7050, 7060, 7100, 7300 (Energy/Max/Pro/Ultimate/Ultra/X), 7360 (Turbo), 7400(Ultimate/X), 8000, 8020, 8050, 8100, 8200 (Ultimate/Ultra), Kompanio 900T, 1200, 1380, 1300T
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 4 Gen 1/4, 4(s) Gen 2, 695, 6 Gen 1, 6(s) Gen 3, 6s Gen 4, 778G(+), 780G, 782G, 888(+)
  • Samsung Exynos 1080, 1280, 1330, 1380, 1480, 2100
  • UNISOC S715, T7300, T8300
Cortex-X1
  • Google Tensor, Tensor G2
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 888(+)
  • Samsung Exynos 2100
Neoverse N1
  • Ampere Altra, Altra Max
  • AWS Graviton2
Others
  • Cortex-A65, Cortex-A65AE, Cortex-A76AE, Cortex-A78C, Cortex-X1C, Neoverse E1
ARMv8.2-A
compatible
  • Apple A11
  • Fujitsu A64FX
  • HiSilicon TaiShan v110
  • Nvidia Tegra Xavier (Carmel)
  • Samsung Exynos M3 (Meerkat), M4 (Cheetah), M5 (Lion)
ARMv8.3-A
ARMv8.3-A
compatible
  • Apple A12, A12X/A12Z, S4, S5
  • Marvell ThunderX3
ARMv8.4-A
Neoverse V1
  • AWS Graviton3
ARMv8.4-A
compatible
  • Apple A13, S6, S7, S8
ARMv8.5-A
ARMv8.5-A
compatible
  • Apple A14, M1
ARMv8.6-A
ARMv8.6-A
compatible
  • Ampere Computing AmpereOne, AmpereOne M
  • Apple A15, A16, A17, M2, M3
ARMv8.7-A
ARMv8.7-A
compatible
  • Qualcomm Oryon
ARMv9.0-A
Cortex-A510
  • Google Tensor G3
  • MediaTek Dimensity 7200 (Pro/Ultra), 7350 Pro, 8300 (Ultra), 8350 (Apex/Elite/Extreme/Ultimate), 9000(+), 9200
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 7 Gen 1/3, 7s/7+ Gen 2, 8(+) Gen 1, 8 Gen 2
  • Samsung Exynos 2200
Cortex-A710
  • MediaTek Dimensity 9000/9000+
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 7 Gen 1/3, 7s/7+ Gen 2, 8(+) Gen 1, 8 Gen 2
  • Samsung Exynos 2200
Cortex-A715
  • Google Tensor G3
  • MediaTek Dimensity 7200 (Pro/Ultra), 7350 Pro, 8300 (Ultra), 8350 (Apex/Elite/Extreme/Ultimate), 9200
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 7 Gen 3, 8 Gen 2
Cortex-X2
  • MediaTek Dimensity 9000/9000+
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 7s/7+ Gen 2, 8(+) Gen 1
  • Samsung Exynos 2200
Cortex-X3
  • Google Tensor G3
  • MediaTek Dimensity 9200(+)
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 2
Neoverse N2
  • Alibaba YiTian 710
  • Microsoft Azure Cobalt 100
Neoverse V2
  • AWS Graviton4
  • Google Axion
  • Nvidia Grace
ARMv9.2-A
Cortex-A520
  • Google Tensor G4, G5
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 6 Gen 4, 7s/7+ Gen 3, 7(s) Gen 4, 8(s) Gen 3
  • Samsung Exynos 1580, 2400(e), 2500
  • Xiaomi Xring O1
Cortex-A720
  • Google Tensor G4
  • MediaTek Dimensity 9300(+), 9400e, 9500s
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 6 Gen 4, 7s/7+ Gen 3, 7(s) Gen4, 8(s) Gen 3, 8s Gen 4
  • Samsung Exynos 1580, 2400(e)
Cortex-A725
  • Google Tensor G5
  • MediaTek Dimensity 8400 (Ultra), 8450, 8500 (Elite)
  • Samsung Exynos 2500
  • Xiaomi Xring O1
Cortex-X4
  • Google Tensor G4, G5
  • MediaTek Dimensity 9300(+), Dimensity 9400(+,e), 9500s
  • Qualcomm Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3, 8(s) Gen 3, 8s Gen 4
  • Samsung Exynos 2400(e)
Cortex-X925
  • MediaTek Dimensity 9400(+), 9500s
  • Nvidia GB10 Superchip
  • Samsung Exynos 2500
  • Xiaomi Xring O1
Neoverse N3
-
Neoverse V3
  • AWS Graviton5
  • Microsoft Azure Cobalt 200
  • Nvidia Thor (V3AE)
ARMv9.2-A
compatible
  • Apple A18
  • Apple M4
ARMv9.3-A
C1-Ultra
  • MediaTek Dimensity 9500
  • Samsung Exynos 2600
C1-Premium
  • MediaTek Dimensity 9500
C1-Pro
  • MediaTek Dimensity 9500
  • Samsung Exynos 2600
C1-Nano
TBD
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