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Homosclerophorida - Wikipedia

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Homosclerophorida

Oscarella lobularis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Porifera
Class:	Homoscleromorpha Bergquist, 1978
Order:	Homosclerophorida Dendy, 1905^[1]
Families
Plakinidae Schulze, 1880^[2] Oscarellidae Lendenfeld, 1887^[3]

Homosclerophorida is an order of marine sponges. It is the only order in the monotypic class Homoscleromorpha. The order is composed of two families: Plakinidae and Oscarellidae.

Taxonomy

Homoscleromorpha is phylogenetically well separated from Demospongiae.^[4] Therefore, it has been recognized as the fourth class of sponges.^[5]^[6]

It has been suggested that Homoscleromorpha are more closely related to eumetazoans than to the other sponge groups, rendering sponges paraphyletic.^[7] This view has not been supported by later work using larger datasets and new techniques for phylogenetic inference, which tend to support sponges as monophyletic, with Homoscleromorpha grouping together with Calcarea.^[8]^[9]

On the basis of molecular and morphological evidence, the two families Plakinidae and Oscarellidae have been reinstated.^[5]

There are 117 species in this group divided into 9 genera.^[6]

The spiculate genera in this group are Aspiculophora, Corticium, Placinolopha, Plakina, Plakinasterella, Plakortis and Tetralophophora.

The aspiculate species are the genera Oscarella and Pseudocorticium.

Description

These sponges are massive or encrusting in form and have a very simple structure with very little variation in spicule form (all spicules tend to be very small). Reproduction is viviparous and the larva is an oval form known as an amphiblastula. This form is usual in calcareous sponges but is less common in other sponges.

Habitat

Homoscleromorpha are exclusively marine sponges that tend to encrust on other surfaces at shallow depths. These sponges typically inhabit shady locations, under overhangs and inside caves. In the Mediterranean Sea, 82% of the species in this taxon can be found in caves, and 41% of them are found nowhere else.^[10]

References

^ van Soest, R. (2014). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.). "Homosclerophorida". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
^ van Soest, R. (2014). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.). "Plakinidae Schulze, 1880". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
^ van Soest, R. (2014). Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, Hajdu E, Pisera AB, Manconi R, Schoenberg C, Janussen D, Tabachnick KR, Klautau M, Picton B, Kelly M, Vacelet J (eds.). "Oscarellidae Lendenfeld, 1887". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
^ Kober, K. M.; Nichols, S. A. (December 2007). "On the phylogenetic relationships of hadromerid and poecilosclerid sponges". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 87 (6): 1585–1598. Bibcode:2007JMBUK..87.1585K. doi:10.1017/S0025315407058237. S2CID 84416168.
^ ^a ^b Gazave, Eve; Lapébie, Pascal; Renard, Emmanuelle; Vacelet, Jean; Rocher, Caroline; Ereskovsky, Alexander V.; Lavrov, Dennis V.; Borchiellini, Carole (14 December 2010). "Molecular phylogeny restores the supra-generic subdivision of homoscleromorph sponges (porifera, homoscleromorpha)". PLOS ONE. 5 (12): e14290. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...514290G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014290. PMC 3001884. PMID 21179486.
^ ^a ^b Gazave, Eve; Lapébie, Pascal; Ereskovsky, Alexander V.; Vacelet, Jean; Renard, Emmanuelle; Cárdenas, Paco; Borchiellini, Carole (May 2012). "No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. 687 (1): 3–10. Bibcode:2012HyBio.687....3G. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0842-x. S2CID 14468684.
^ Sperling, Pisani and Peterson 2007, cited in: The Cambrian Explosion p. 80, Erwin and Valentine 2013
^ Nosenko, T., Schreiber, F., Adamska, M., Adamski, M., Eitel, M., Hammel, J., Maldonado, M., Müller, W. E. G., Nickel, M., Schierwater, B., Vacelet, J., Wiens, M., & Wörheide, G. (2013). Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67(1), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010
^ Laumer, C. E., Fernández, R., Lemer, S., Combosch, D., Kocot, K. M., Riesgo, A., Andrade, S. C. S., Sterrer, W., Sørensen, M. V., & Giribet, G. (2019). Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1906), 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831
^ Ereskovsky, Alexander V.; Ivanisevic, Julijana; Pérez, Thierry (2009). "Overview of the Homoscleromorpha sponges diversity in the Mediterranean". Conference: Proceedings of the 1st Mediterranean Symposium on the Conservation of the Coralligenous and Other Calcareous Bio-concretions.

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Homosclerophorida.

v t e Extant Porifera classes
Hexactinellida (glass sponges) Calcarea (calcareous sponges) Demospongiae (demosponges) Homoscleromorpha

Extant animal phyla

(major groups

ParaHoxozoa
(Planulozoa)

Placozoa (Trichoplax and relatives) Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
Bilateria (Triploblasts)	(see below↓)

The phylogeny of the animal root is disputed; see also: Eumetazoa; Benthozoa

Scalidophora	Kinorhyncha (mud dragons) Priapulida (penis worms)

N+L+P

Nematoida

L+P

Loricifera (corset animals)

Panarthropoda

Spiralia

Gnathifera

Chaetognatha (arrow worms) Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
M+S	Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia) Syndermata Rotifera (wheel animals) Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)

Platytrochozoa

R+M

Rouphozoa	Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
Mesozoa	Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Monoblastozoa (Salinella)†

Lophotrochozoa

M+K

Mollusca (molluscs)

Kryptotrochozoa

Nemertea (ribbon worms)

Lophophorata

Bryozoa s.l.	Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Ectoprocta (moss animals)
Brachiozoa	Brachiopoda (lamp shells) Phoronida (horseshoe worms)

The phylogeny of Bilateria is disputed; see also: Nephrozoa; Deuterostomia; Xenambulacraria; Centroneuralia

Major groups
within phyla

Sponges
Cnidarians
Chordates
Echinoderms
Hemichordates
- Acorn worms
- Pterobranchs
Nematodes
Arthropods
Platyhelminths
Ectoproctans
Annelids
Molluscs

Phyla with ≥1000 extant species bolded

Potentially dubious phyla †

Taxon identifiers
Homosclerophorida	Wikidata: Q13140211 Wikispecies: Homosclerophorida AFD: Homosclerophorida BOLD: 105313 CoL: 8ZXXG EoL: 8069 EPPO: 1HSCLO GBIF: 1013 iNaturalist: 152827 IRMNG: 11929 ITIS: 659132 NBN: NHMSYS0021057429 NCBI: 81000 NZOR: 3cd591ef-addd-48ec-87d2-aae5791be0e0 Open Tree of Life: 196337 Paleobiology Database: 146757 Plazi: 3D3C8786-AC0D-FFB3-FF75-9EE2FD1B64AE WoRMS: 131601
Homoscleromorpha	Wikidata: Q139079 Wikispecies: Homoscleromorpha AFD: Homoscleromorpha BOLD: 532656 CoL: 8ZXV6 EoL: 11982360 GBIF: 5964034 iNaturalist: 152111 ITIS: 914184 NCBI: 80999 Open Tree of Life: 519088 Paleobiology Database: 3574 WoRMS: 131587

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