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Hushan Great Wall - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 40°13′18″N 124°30′55″E / 40.22167°N 124.51528°E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

40°13′18″N 124°30′55″E / 40.22167°N 124.51528°E / 40.22167; 124.51528

Gate of the Hushan Great Wall, the gate is newly built during the 1990s

The Hushan or Tiger Mountain Great Wall (Chinese: 虎山长城; pinyin: Hǔshān Chángchéng),^[1] is a section of the Ming Great Wall in Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning, China. The wall runs for about 1,200 metres over Hushan ("Tiger Mountain").

The wall starts 15 km northeast of Dandong city, directly beside the China–North Korea border. It then climbs steeply up to a height of 146.3 metres before descending on the other side of Hushan and finishing at a car park.

Numerous Ming dynasty records and poems mentioned a "border wall" (边墙) that reached the banks of Yalu River, forming a part of Ming's defense system on the northern frontier. This wall was meant to defend against Jurchen bandits who frequently raided Ming and Joseon villages from the Northeast. The date of its construction was documented by the Ming Shilu as the 15th year of Chenghua era (AD 1479).^[2] Archives of Andong (Dandong) county put the wall's location to the north of the Ai River (叆河), in the Hushan area. A series of surveys in late 1980s and early 1990s led by architectural historian Luo Zhewen [zh] identified the ruins at Hushan as the site of the eastern terminus of this Great Wall section.^[2]^[3] An 1,250 metres (4,100 ft) long section was restored in 1992.^[3]

Ruins of older fortresses have been identified at Hushan, dating back to the Four Commanderies of Han and Goguryeo eras. In order to defend against nomadic tribes to the north, many of these fortresses and walls were built during those times. Similar sites have also been discovered elsewhere in Liaoning, as well as in North Pyongan and Chagang provinces, North Korea.^[4] The site of a historical city known as Posuo (婆娑) or Bakjak (泊汋, 박작) lies in close proximity at present-day Jiuliancheng, to the south of Hushan.^[5]

On the other hand, North and South Korea academics show skepticisms on the historical existence of the Hushan great wall due to lack of evidence.^[6]^[7] Some South Korean archeologists and experts argue that the walls and fortifications were likely originally built by the allied Ming and Joseon to defend against Jurchen marauders to the north. China, by claiming them as part of the Ming dynasty great wall, was committing "history distortion with political intentions."^[8]

References

^ Harper, Damian (1 April 2015). Lonely Planet China. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 741. ISBN 978-1-74360-538-7.
^ ^a ^b Feng, Yongqian. "明万里长城东端起点的发现与研究". Ministry of Natural Resources (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ ^a ^b "明长城东部起点—虎山长城". Dandong Radio & Television (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ Li, Shulin; Jia, Yunzhang (2015). "A Study on the Shape and Structure of the Great Wall in Liaodong of Yan, Qin and Han Dynasties [燕秦汉辽东长城形制考古调查研究]" (PDF). Research of China's Frontier Archaeology [边疆考古研究] (16): 143–158.
^ Wang, Mianhou; Piao, Wenying (2016). 中國東北與東北亞古代交通史 (in Chinese). Shenyang: Liaoning People's Press. p. 420. ISBN 9787205079956.
^ "Great Wall rekindles history row". The Korea Herald.
^ "The Scope of the Great Wall of China". Northeast Asian History Foundation.
^ Eric Randall (19 July 2012). "Koreans Are Skeptical That the Great Wall Just Doubled In Size". The Atlantic.

Great Wall of China

History

Ming Great Wall

Outer Wall (W to E)	Jiayu Pass Jumenbu Badaling Huanghuacheng Jiankou (Beijing Knot) Mutianyu Baimaguan Gubeikou Jinshanling Simatai Huangya Pass Shanhai Pass Hushan
Inner Wall (W to E)	Guangwu (New Guangwu) Yanmen Pass Pingxing Pass Juyong Pass
Other	Niangzi Pass (Hebei/Shanxi border spur) Miaojiang Great Wall ("Southern Great Wall")
Nine Garrisons	Liaodong Ji Xuanfu Datong Taiyuan Yansui Ningxia Guyuan Gansu

Other time periods

Warring States (475–221 BC)	Great Wall of Qi
Western Han dynasty (202 BC–9 AD)	Yumen Pass Yang Pass
Yuan dynasty (1271-1368)	Cloud Platform
Qing dynasty (1644-1912)	Dajingmen

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