Incisive foramen

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Incisive foramen

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Incisive foramina)

Incisive foramen
The bony palate and alveolar arch.
Details
Part of	Hard palate
Identifiers
Latin	foramen incisivum
TA98	A02.1.00.060
TA2	464
FMA	57737 75305, 57737
Anatomical terms of bone [edit on Wikidata]

In the human mouth, the incisive foramen (also known as: "anterior palatine foramen", or "nasopalatine foramen") is the opening of the incisive canals on the hard palate immediately behind the incisor teeth. It gives passage to blood vessels and nerves. The incisive foramen is situated within the incisive fossa of the maxilla.

The incisive foramen is used as an anatomical landmark for defining the severity of cleft lip and cleft palate.

The incisive foramen exists in a variety of species.

Structure

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The incisive foramen is a funnel-shaped opening in the bone of the oral hard palate representing the inferior termination of the incisive canal.^{[citation needed]} An oral prominence - the incisive papilla - overlies the incisive fossa.^[1]

The incisive foramen is situated immediately behind the incisor teeth, and in between the two premaxillae.^{[citation needed]}

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The incisive foramen allows for blood vessels and nerves to pass. These include:

the pterygopalatine nerves to the hard palate.^[2]
the nasopalatine nerves from the floor of the nasal cavity.^[3]
the sopalatine branches of the infratrochlear nerve, a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (V1), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve.^[4]
the sphenopalatine artery supplying the mucous membrane covering the hard palate of the mouth.^[3]
the sphenopalatine vein draining the mucous membrane covering the hard palate of the mouth.

Clinical significance

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As many nerves exit the incisive canal at the incisive foramen, it may be used for injection of local anaesthetic.^[3]

When plain radiographs are taken of the mouth, the incisive foramen may be mistaken for a periapical lesion.^[5]

The incisive foramen can be used as a landmark when describing cleft lip and cleft palate, which can either extend in front of (primary) or behind (secondary) the foramen.^[6]^[7] It is also important as a surgical landmark to avoid damaging its nerves and vascular structures.^[3]

History

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The incisive foramen is also known as the anterior palatine foramen,^[5] the nasopalatine foramen, and the incisive fossa.

Other animals

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In many other species, the incisive foramina allow for passage of ducts to the vomeronasal organ.^[2] It can be found in cats,^[6] and alligators.^[8]

Additional images

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Inferior surface of base of skull
Incisive fossa

References

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This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 162 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (41st ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited. p. 510. ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9. OCLC 920806541.
^ ^a ^b Maynard, Robert Lewis; Downes, Noel (2019-01-01). "10 - Nasal Cavity". Anatomy and Histology of the Laboratory Rat in Toxicology and Biomedical Research. Academic Press. pp. 109–121. ISBN 978-0-12-811837-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tomaszewska, Iwona M.; Popieluszko, Patrick; Tomaszewski, Krzysztof A.; Walocha, Jerzy A. (2019), Iwanaga, Joe; Tubbs, R. Shane (eds.), "Anatomy and Variations of the Incisive Foramen", Anatomical Variations in Clinical Dentistry, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 117–123, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97961-8_11, ISBN 978-3-319-97961-8, S2CID 86526891, retrieved 2021-09-16
^ Moskovitz, Joshua B.; Choi, Andrew (2015). "11 - Regional Nerve Blocks of the Head and Neck". Nerves and nerve injuries. Vol. 1 - History, embryology, anatomy, imaging, and diagnostics. Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 147–151. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-410390-0.00011-1. ISBN 978-0-12-410447-1. OCLC 908128669.
^ ^a ^b Gorrel, Cecilia; Andersson, Susanne; Verhaert, Leen (2013-01-01). "7 - Dental radiography". Veterinary Dentistry for the General Practitioner (2nd ed.). Saunders. pp. 67–80. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4943-9.00012-0. ISBN 978-0-7020-4943-9.
^ ^a ^b Rochette, Judy (2016). "103 - Disorders and Normal Variations of the Oral Cavity of Kittens and Senior Cats". August's Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine. Vol. 7. Saunders. pp. 1024–1033. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-22652-3.00103-1. ISBN 978-0-323-22652-3.
^ Mitchell, Barry S.; Sharma, Ram (2009). "11 - Development of the head and neck, the eye and ear". Embryology (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 63–72. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3225-7.50014-2. ISBN 978-0-7020-3225-7. OCLC 245507391.
^ De Iuliis, Gerardo; Pulerà, Dino (2011-01-01). "8 - Reptile Skulls and Mandibles". The Dissection of Vertebrates (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 253–285. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-375060-0.00008-5. ISBN 978-0-12-375060-0.

External links

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Anatomy figure: 22:4b-01 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center

The facial skeleton of the skull

Maxilla

Surfaces	Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa) Infraorbital foramen Orbital bones Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal: Alveolar canals Maxillary tuberosity Orbital: Infraorbital groove Infraorbital canal Nasal: Greater palatine canal
Processes	Zygomatic process Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) Alveolar process Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine)
Other	Body of maxilla Maxillary sinus

Zygomatic

Palatine

Fossae	Pterygopalatine fossa Pterygoid fossa
Plates	Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) Perpendicular plate (Greater palatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen) Hard palate
Processes	Pyramidal Orbital Sphenoidal

Mandible

Body	external surface (Chin, Jaw, Mandibular prominence, Mandibular symphysis, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal) internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) Alveolar part
Ramus	Mylohyoid groove Mandibular canal Lingula Mandibular foramen Angle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condyloid process Pterygoid fovea

Nose

Other

Foramina of the skull (and canals, fissures, meatus, and hiatus)

Anterior cranial fossa

to Orbit:	ethmoidal foramina anterior posterior
to Nasal cavity:	olfactory foramina (CN-I) foramen cecum

Middle cranial fossa

to Orbit:	optic canal (CN-II) superior orbital fissure (CN-III,IV,V1,VI)
to Pterygopalatine fossa:	foramen rotundum (CN-V2) pterygoid canal
to Infratemporal fossa:	foramen ovale (CN-V3) foramen spinosum/carotid canal
other:	foramen lacerum hiatus for greater petrosal nerve hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve sphenoidal emissary foramen

Posterior cranial fossa

internal auditory meatus/facial canal/stylomastoid foramen (CN-VII,VIII)
jugular foramen (CN-IX,X,XI)
foramen magnum (CN-XI)
hypoglossal canal (CN-XII)
condylar canal
mastoid foramen

Orbit

to Nasal cavity:	nasolacrimal canal
to face:	supraorbital notch foramen infraorbital foramen groove zygomatic foramen -facial -temporal
to Pterygopalatine fossa:	inferior orbital fissure
other:	Inferior orbital fissure Fossa for lacrimal sac

Pterygopalatine fossa

to Nasal cavity:	sphenopalatine foramen
to Oral cavity:	greater palatine canal foramen lesser palatine canals foramina
to Infratemporal fossa:	pterygomaxillary fissure
to Nasopharynx:	palatovaginal canal