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Involuntary servitude is a legal and constitutional term for a person laboring against that person's will to benefit another, under some form of coercion, to which it may constitute slavery. While labouring to benefit another is generally synonymous with the condition of slavery, involuntary servitude does not necessarily connote the complete lack of freedom experienced in chattel slavery; involuntary servitude may also refer to other forms of unfree labour. Involuntary servitude is not dependent upon compensation or its amount. Prison labour is often referred to as involuntary servitude. Prisoners are forced to work for free or for very little money while they carry out their time in the system.
Jurisdictions
Malaysia
The Constitution of Malaysia, Part II, article 6, states:[1]
- No person shall be held in slavery.
- All forms of forced labour are prohibited, but Parliament may by law provide for compulsory service for national purposes.
- Work incidental to the serving of a sentence of imprisonment imposed by a court of law shall not be taken to be forced labour within the meaning of this Article.
- Where by any written law the whole or any part of the functions of any public authority is to be carried on by another public authority, for the purpose of enabling those functions to be performed the employees of the first mentioned public authority shall be bound to serve the second mentioned public authority shall not be taken to be forced labour within the meaning of this Article, and no such employee shall be entitled to demand any right from either the first mentioned or the second mentioned public authority by reason of the transfer of his employment.
Philippines
The Constitution of the Philippines, article III, section 18, states that "No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted."[2]
United States
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution makes involuntary servitude illegal under any U.S. jurisdiction whether at the hands of the government or in the private sphere, except as punishment for a crime:
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court has held, in Butler v. Perry (1916), that the Thirteenth Amendment does not prohibit "enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to the state, such as services in the army, militia, on the jury, etc."[3] Onerous long term alimony and spousal support orders, premised on a proprietary interest retained by former marital partners in one another's persons, have also been allowed in many states, though they may in practice embody features of involuntary servitude.[4]
Other interpretations of involuntary servitude
Abortion rights
Some have also argued that, should Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), be overturned by the United States Supreme Court, a constitutional right to abortion could still be sustained on the basis that denying it would subject women to involuntary servitude contrary to the Thirteenth Amendment.[5] That decision was overturned in June of 2022,[6] but it is unclear whether forced pregnancy and child-bearing are within the scope of the term "servitude".[7]
Compulsory schooling
Some libertarians consider compulsory schooling involuntary servitude. John Taylor Gatto, a retired schoolteacher and libertarian activist critical of compulsory schooling writes of what he terms "The Cult Of Forced Schooling".[8] Many libertarians consider income taxation a form of involuntary servitude. Republican Congressman Ron Paul has described income tax as "a form of involuntary servitude",[9] and has written, "... things like Selective Service and the income tax make me wonder how serious we really are in defending just basic freedoms."[10]
Military conscription
The Libertarian Party of the United States and other libertarians consider military conscription to be involuntary servitude in the sense of the Thirteenth Amendment.[11] The U.S. Supreme Court disagreed with that interpretation in Arver v. United States, relying on text of Article I and the prerequisites of sovereignty.
Law and economics
In contract theory, researchers have studied whether workers should be allowed to waive their right to quit work, or whether the right to quit should be inalienable. Suppose that at date 1 a worker voluntarily signs a labour contract according to which the worker has to perform a task at date 2. At date 2, the worker no longer wants to perform the task (see the English contract law case Lumley v Wagner for a classic example). Would it be a form of involuntary servitude if the worker were forced by the courts to fulfill the contractual duties?[12] Müller and Schmitz (2021) have shown that from an economic efficiency point-of-view, in a static setting it can indeed be desirable to restrict the freedom of contract by making the right to quit inalienable. However, they also show that in a dynamic setting even the worker can be strictly better off when it is possible to contractually waive the right to quit.[13]
See also
- Civil conscription
- Cruel and unusual punishment
- Debt bondage
- Indentured servitude
- Peon
- Person
- Slavery
- Wage slavery
References
- ^ "Constitution of Malaysia, as at 1 November 2010", Part II, Article 6, via WikiSource, retrieved 2021-02-12
- ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (1987)", Article III, Section 18
- ^ Butler v. Perry, 240 U.S. 328 (1916)
- ^ Sciarrino, Alfred J. (2003), Alimony: Peonage or Involuntary Servitude (PDF), American Journal of Trial Advocates 67, archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2010
- ^ Koppelman, Andrew, "Forced Labor: A Thirteenth Amendment Defense of Abortion", 84 Northwestern University Law Review 480 (1990)
- ^ "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, 597 U. S. ____ (2022)". Justia. 16 May 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- ^ Vieira, Norman (1988). "Hardwick and the Right of Privacy". The University of Chicago Law Review. 55 (4): 1181–1191. doi:10.2307/1599785. JSTOR 1599785.
- ^ Gatto, John Taylor (2001), "16. A conspiracy Against Ourselves", The Underground History of American Education, Oxford Village Press, ISBN 978-0-945700-04-3, retrieved 28 July 2021
- ^ Ron Paul (13 April 2009), Fewer Taxes for Real Economic Stimulus
- ^ Ron Paul (2009), On Reinstating the Draft, house.gov, retrieved 5 June 2009
- ^ "Conscription and the Military". Libertarian Party. www.dehnbase.org. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- ^ Pope, J. G. (2010). "Contract, Race, and Freedom of Labor in the Constitutional Law of 'Involuntary Servitude'". The Yale Law Journal. 119 (7): 1474–1567. ISSN 0044-0094. JSTOR 25681947.
- ^ Müller, Daniel; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2021). "The right to quit work: An efficiency rationale for restricting the freedom of contract". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 184: 653–669. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.02.004. ISSN 0167-2681.
