Buprestidae

Buprestidae; Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Agrilinae (bottom row), Chrysochroinae (top row, left 3), and Buprestinae (others) from Genera Insectorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Suborder:	Polyphaga
Infraorder:	Elateriformia
Superfamily:	Buprestoidea
Family:	Buprestidae; Leach, 1815
Subfamilies
	Agrilinae; Buprestinae; Chrysochroinae; Galbellinae; Julodinae; †Parathyreinae; Polycestinae; (but see text)

Buprestidae is a family of beetles known as jewel beetles or metallic wood-boring beetles because of their glossy iridescent colors. Larvae of this family are known as flatheaded borers. The family is among the largest of the beetles, with some 15,500 species known in 775 genera. In addition, almost 100 fossil species have been described.^[1]

The larger and more spectacularly colored jewel beetles are highly prized by insect collectors. The elytra of some Buprestidae species have been traditionally used in beetlewing jewellery and decoration in certain countries in Asia, like India, Thailand and Japan.

Description and ecology

Shape is generally cylindrical or elongate to ovoid, with lengths ranging from 3 to 80 mm (0.12 to 3.15 in), although most species are under 20 mm (0.79 in). Catoxantha, Chrysaspis, Euchroma and Megaloxantha contain the largest species. A variety of bright colors are known, often in complicated patterns. The iridescence common to these beetles is not due to pigments in the exoskeleton, but instead is caused by structural coloration, in which microscopic texture in their cuticle selectively reflects specific frequencies of light in particular directions. This is the same effect that makes a compact disc reflect multiple colors.

The larvae bore through roots, logs, stems, and leaves of various types of plants, ranging from trees to grasses. The wood boring types generally favor dying or dead branches on otherwise-healthy trees, while a few types attack green wood; some of these are serious pests capable of killing trees and causing major economic damage, such as the invasive emerald ash borer. Some species are attracted to recently burned forests to lay their eggs. They can sense pine wood smoke from up to 50 miles away, and can see infrared light, helping them to zero in as they get closer to a forest fire.^[2]

Ten species of flatheaded borers of the family Buprestidae feed on spruce and fir, but hemlock is their preferred food source.^[3] As with roundheaded borers, most feeding occurs in dying or dead trees, or close to injuries on living trees. Damage becomes abundant only where a continuing supply of breeding material is available. The life history of these borers is similar to that of the roundheaded borers, but some exceedingly long life cycles have been reported under adverse conditions. Full-grown larvae, up to 25 mm long, are characteristically flattened, the anterior part of the body being much broader than the rest. The bronzed adults are usually seen only where suitable material occurs in sunny locations.

Systematics

Jewel beetle classification is not yet robustly established, although there appear to be five or six main lineages, which may be considered subfamilies, possibly with one or two being raised to families in their own right. Some other systems define up to 14 subfamilies.

The earliest unambiguous members of the family are known from the Middle Jurassic, around 160 million years ago, earlier claimed records from the Triassic based on isolated elytra are not definitive.^[4]

Subfamilies and selected genera

The commonly accepted subfamilies, with some representative genera, are:

Agrilinae – cosmopolitan, with most taxa occurring in the Northern Hemisphere

Aaaaba Bellamy, 2013
Agrilus Curtis, 1825
Anodontodora Obenberger, 1931
Asymades Kerremans, 1893
Brachys Dejean, 1833
Chalcophlocteis Obenberger, 1924
Discoderoides Théry, 1936
Entomogaster Saunders, 1871
Ethiopoeus Bellamy, 2008
Madecorformica Bellamy, 2008
Meliboeus Deyrolle, 1864
Pachyschelus Solier, 1833
Paracylindromorphus Thery, 1930
Paradorella Obenberger, 1923
Pseudokerremansia Bellamy & Holm, 1985
Strandietta Obenberger, 1931
†Burmagrilus Jiang et al. 2021 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian

Buprestinae – cosmopolitan

Agrilozodes Thery, 1927
Anthaxia Eschscholtz, 1829
Bubastoides
Buprestis
Calodema – found only in Australia and New Guinea; usually in rain forests
Castiarina – about 500 species, found only in Australia and New Guinea, previously considered a subgenus of Stigmodera
Chrysobothris
Cobosella
Colobogaster
Conognatha
Eurythyrea
Hiperantha
Metaxymorpha – found only in Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia; usually in rain forests
Stigmodera – 7 species remain here
Temognatha – About 83-85 species, found only in Australia and New Guinea, previously considered a subgenus of Stigmodera

Chrysochroinae

Capnodis
Chalcophora
Chrysochroa
Chrysodema Laporte & Gory, 1835 (= Cyalithoides)
Euchroma
Halecia
Lampetis Dejean, 1833 – sometimes included in the tribe Psilopterini, but actually not very close to Psiloptera (tentatively placed here)
Lampropepla
Perotis
Psiloptera (tentatively placed here)