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Kalīla wa-Dimna

The two jackals of the title, Kalila and Dimna. Arabic illustration, 1220
Author	Unknown (originally Sanskrit, translated by Ibn al-Muqaffa')
Original title	كليلة ودمنة
Translator	Ibn al-Muqaffa'
Language	Arabic, Middle Persian
Subject	Fables
Genre	Beast fable
Published	8th century (Arabic translation)
Publication place	Abbasid Caliphate
Media type	Manuscript

Kalīla wa-Dimna or Kelileh o Demneh (Persian: کلیله و دمنه) is a collection of fables. The book consists of fifteen chapters containing many fables whose heroes are animals. A remarkable animal character is the lion, who plays the role of the king; he has a servant ox Shetrebah, while the two jackals of the title, Kalila and Dimna, appear both as narrators and as protagonists. Its likely origin is the Sanskrit Panchatantra. The book has been translated into many languages, with surviving illustrations in manuscripts from the 13th century onwards.

The book is based on the c. 200 BC Sanskrit text Panchatantra. It was translated into Middle Persian in the sixth century by Borzuya.^[1][2][3] It was subsequently translated into Arabic in the eighth century by the Persian Ibn al-Muqaffa'.^[4] King Vakhtang VI of Kartli made a translation from Persian to Georgian in the 18th century.^[5] His work, later edited by his mentor Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, has been used as a reference while determining the possible original text, along with an earlier unfinished translation by King David I of Kakheti.^[6]

The King Dabschelim is visited by the philosopher Bidpai who tells him a collection of stories of anthropomorphised animals with important morals for a King. The stories are in response to requests of parables from Dabschelim and they follow a Russian doll format, with stories interwoven and nested to some depth. There are fifteen main stories, acting as frame stories with many more stories within them. The two jackals, Kalila and Dimna, feature both as narrators of the stories and as protagonists within them. They work in the court of the king, Bankala the lion. Kalila is happy with his lot, whereas Dimna constantly struggles to gain fame. The stories are allegories set in a human social and political context, and in the manner of fables illustrate human life.

Manuscripts of the text have for many centuries and translated into other languages contained illustrations to accompany the fables.

This edition of Kalīla wa-Dimna is now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF Arabe 3465).^[7] It dates to the first quarter of the 13th century (usually dated c.1220 CE).^[7]

• 
  Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 34r. Frontispiece.^[8]
• 
  Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 20v. King wearing the aqabā' turkī with uninscribed tiraz armbands.^[9]
• 
  Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 86r. Animal scene
• 
  Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 95v. Animal scene

French translation of Kalila wa Dimna, Raymond de Béziers, dated to 1313 CE. Now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF Latin 8504).^[10]

• 
  Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504. Ruler: Philip IV and family.
• 
  Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504. Regnal scene
• 
  Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504, folio 23v. Animal scene.
• 
  Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504, folio 26r. Animal scene.

• 
  Spanish manuscript, workshop of Frederick of Castile, 1251–1261
• 
  The crows and the owls. Syrian painter, c. 1300–1325
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  The jackals Kalila and Dimna look on as the snake and the elephant fight. Arabic, 1340
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  "Barzueh heals the sick". 1346–1347
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  Hare fools Elephant by showing the moon's reflection. Arabic, 1354
• 
  The turtle and the monkey. Persian, Timurid school, c. 1410–1420
• 
  A page from a Persian manuscript, dated 1429
• 
  The lion eats the bull, as the two jackals look on. Painted in Herat, 1430
• 
  The jackals Kalila and Dimna in their den. Herat school, 1431
• 
  Fanzah refuses to return to the King. Probably made for Pir Budaq, Baghdad?, c. 1460
• 
  "Kalila and Dimna Discussing Dimna's Plans to Become a Confidante of the Lion". 18th century
• 
  Armenian translation of The story of seven sages, 1740

Ibn al-Muqaffa's translation of the Middle Persian manuscript of Kalila and Dimna is considered a masterpiece of Arabic and world literature.^[11][12] In 1480, Johannes Gutenberg published Anton von Pforr's German version, Buch der Beispiele der alten Weisen. La Fontaine, in the preface to his second collection of Fables, explicitly acknowledged his debt to "the Indian sage Pilpay".^[13] The collection has been adapted in plays,^[14][15][16] cartoons,^[17] and commentary works.^[18][19]

• Hitopadesha
• Jataka tales

• Contadini, Anna (1 January 2012). A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' Tradition. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004222656_005.

• D’Anna, Luca; Benkato, Adam (2024). "On Middle Persian Interference in Early Arabic Prose: The Case of Kalīla wa-Dimna". Journal of Language Contact. 16 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1163/19552629-bja10051.

• Digitised version of 1354 at the Bodleian Libraries
• Digitised version of 1310 from Bavarian State Library
• Digitised version of 16th/17th century from Bavarian State Library