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Kantharella
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Dicyemida
Class:	Rhombozoa
Family:	Kantharellidae Czaker, 1994
Genus:	Kantharella Czaker, 1994

Kantharellidae is a family of worms belonging to the class Rhombozoa, order unassigned. The family consists of only one genus: Kantharella Czaker, 1994.^[1] The only species in the genus is Kantharella antarctica.^[2] This species is most closely related to other species of the order Dicyemida, which only has one other family, Dicyemidae.^[3]

Kantharella is characterized by species that are parasitic endosymbiotes^[4] and live within renal sacs of species of cephalopods.^[5] They consist of only about 30 cells and they feed off of nutrients in the urine of cephalopods.^[5]

Taxonomy

The genus contains only one species Kantharella antarctica and is the only member of the family Katharellidae.^[6] Katharellidae is one of three members of the order Dicyemids which also includes Dicyemidae and Conocyemidae.^[6]

Structure and Behavior

Kantharella are bilaterally symmetrical with a vermiform body shape.^[7] They are carnivores that utilize their cephalopod hosts for nutrition.^[7] They exclusively live in the ocean and reproduce asexually.^[7]

Evolution

The parasitic nature of Kantharella is a trait that evolved significantly long ago as all species within the class Rhomobozoa, also known as Dicyemida, are parasites.^[8] There is debate to which species are closest living relatives to Kantharella as there is molecular phylogenies supporting differing species.^[8] They have been found to share genetic similarities with roundworms as well as species in the phylum Orthonectida.^[8]

References

^ "Kantharellidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
^ "Explore the Taxonomic Tree Kantharella". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ "Explore the Taxonomic Tree Dicyemids". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ "Kantharella Czaker 1994". www.eol.org. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Highlight—Lessons on Parasitism from the Curious Dicyemida 1994". www.academic.oup.com. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Explore the Taxonomic Tree Katharellidae". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Kantharella antarctica Czaker 1994". www.eol.org. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Rhombozoans Class Rhombozoa". www.uk.inaturalist.org. Retrieved 7 December 2023.

Taxon identifiers
Kantharella	Wikidata: Q2184637 Wikispecies: Kantharella CoL: 63893 EoL: 49185 GBIF: 2509164 IRMNG: 1198727 ITIS: 696118 Open Tree of Life: 3684442 WoRMS: 119141
Kantharellidae	Wikidata: Q2783387 Wikispecies: Kantharellidae CoL: BKG EoL: 8768 GBIF: 6251 IRMNG: 107585 Open Tree of Life: 3684443 WoRMS: 22595

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