People's Justice Party Parti Keadilan Rakyat | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | PKR KEADILAN |
| President | Anwar Ibrahim |
| Secretary-General | Fuziah Salleh |
| Deputy President | Nurul Izzah Anwar |
| Vice Presidents | Amirudin Shari Ramanan Ramakrishnan Aminuddin Harun Chang Lih Kang |
| Women's Chief | Fadhlina Sidek |
| Youth Chief | Kamil Abdul Munim (AMK) Nurhidayah Che Rose (Srikandi) |
| Founder | |
| Founded | 10 December 1998 (Formation of Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial NGO) 4 April 1999 (Takeover of Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia and renamed Parti Keadilan Nasional) 3 August 2003 (Merger with Parti Rakyat Malaysia and renamed Parti Keadilan Rakyat) |
| Merger of | National Justice Party (KeADILan) Malaysian People's Party (PRM) |
| Preceded by |
|
| Headquarters | A-1-09, Merchant Square, Jalan Tropicana Selatan 1, 47410 Petaling Jaya, Selangor |
| Newspaper | Suara Keadilan |
| Think tank | Institut Rakyat |
| Student wing | Mahasiswa Keadilan |
| Youth wing | Angkatan Muda Keadilan (AMK) |
| Women's wing | Wanita Keadilan |
| Women's youth wing | Srikandi Keadilan |
| Membership | 1,153,212 (2024)[1] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre[16] Factions: Centre-left[18] to centre-right[19] |
| National affiliation | Barisan Alternatif (1999–2004) Pakatan Rakyat (2008–2015) Pakatan Harapan (since 2015) |
| Colours | Light blue |
| Slogan | Keadilan Untuk Semua Reformasi Hidup Rakyat Lawan Tetap Lawan Membujur Lalu Melintang Patah |
| Anthem | Arus Perjuangan Bangsa |
| Dewan Negara | 10 / 70 |
| Dewan Rakyat | 31 / 222 |
| Dewan Undangan Negeri | 38 / 611 |
| Chief minister of states | 2 / 13 |
| Election symbol | |
 | |
| Party flag | |
| |
| Website | |
| keadilanrakyat | |
 |
|---|
The People's Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Rakyat, PKR or KEADILAN)[20] is a reformist and social democratic political party in Malaysia. Founded in 2003 through the merger of its predecessor, the National Justice Party (KeADILan), with the socialist Malaysian People's Party (PRM).[21] The party's predecessor was founded in 1999 by Wan Azizah Wan Ismail during the height of the Reformasi movement triggered by the imprisonment of her husband, former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim. Following the 2022 election that resulted in a hung parliament, the party governs Malaysia through a unity government led by Anwar Ibrahim as the tenth Prime Minister of Malaysia.
In the first general election of its predecessor in 1999, the party won five seats in the Dewan Rakyat.[22] However, a resurgence by the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) in 2004 reduced PKR to a single seat.[23][24] The 2008 election produced a substantial swing to the opposition; PKR increased its representation to 31 seats and formed the government in five states.[25][26] The 2008 results precipitated the resignation of Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and the lifting of Anwar Ibrahim's five-year political ban on 14 April 2008.[27]
The Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition, of which PKR is a founding and principal member, defeated Barisan Nasional at the 2018 general election, ending BN’s uninterrupted 60-year rule since independence. However, defections from the Azmin-aligned faction within the party and the withdrawal of BERSATU triggered the collapse of the PH government after just 22 months, leading to the 2020–2022 political crisis.[28] The party returned to government after the 2022 general election, which resulted in Malaysia’s first hung parliament. A unity government arrangement between Pakatan Harapan, former rivals Barisan Nasional, and several Borneo-based parties enabled the formation of a federal government led by Anwar Ibrahim.[29]
A multiracial party advocating for institutional reform and economic justice, the party draws its strongest support from urban and semi-urban constituencies, particularly in the states of Selangor, Penang, Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Johor and the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The party’s platform emphasises Reformasi-era priorities such as anti-corruption measures and social justice.[25]
History
[edit]Background
[edit].jpg)
The economy of Malaysia was affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[30] The Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance at the time, Anwar Ibrahim has instituted a series of economic reforms and austerity measures in response. These actions were exacerbated when he tabled controversial amendments to the Anti-Corruption Act that sought to increase the powers of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC).[31] The then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad disagreed with these measures and ultimately sacked Anwar from all his posts.[32] This incident and the circumstances in which it happened led to a public outcry in what became known as the Reformasi movement, but it also resulted in the arrest and subsequent incarceration of Anwar on what many believed to be politically motivated charges of sexual misconduct and corruption.[33]
The movement, which began while the country hosted the Commonwealth Games, initially demanded the resignation of Malaysia's then-Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and for the end of alleged corruption and cronyism within the Barisan Nasional-led (BN) government. It would go on to become a reform movement demanding social equality and social justice in Malaysia. The movement consisted of civil disobedience, demonstrations, sit-ins, rioting, occupations and Internet activism.[21]
Founding
[edit]Once Anwar had been detained, the Reformasi movement continued to develop, with "Justice for Anwar" remaining a potent rallying call. Before his arrest, Anwar had designated his wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, as the successor of the movement. Wan Azizah developed an enormous following, attracting thousands to her speeches. For a time, these followers held massive weekend street demonstrations, mostly in Kuala Lumpur but also occasionally in Penang and other cities, for "keadilan" (justice) and against Mahathir. During Anwar's police custody on September 1998, he was assaulted by then Inspector General Abdul Rahim Mohd Noor causing a black eye; the imagery of the black eye was adopted as a rallying symbol of demanded justice by his followers and eventually the party flag –jocularly known as the Bendera Mata Lebam ("Black Eye Flag")– designed by artist Syed Ahmad Syed Jamal.[34]
Building on the momentum of Reformasi, a political movement called the Social Justice Movement (Malay: Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial), also known as ADIL, was launched on 10 December 1998 and was led by Wan Azizah.[35][36] However, facing difficulties in registering ADIL as a political party, the Reformasi movement instead merged with the Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (Malay: Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia), a minor Islamic political party based in Terengganu, and relaunched it as the National Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Nasional), also known as PKN or Keadilan, on 4 April 1999. The registration was just in time for the new party to take part in the 1999 general election.[37] The launch of Keadilan put to rest months of speculation about whether Wan Azizah and Anwar would merely remain in ADIL, join PAS, or try to launch an internal coup in UMNO. Although Keadilan was multiracial, its primary target was middle-class, middle-of-the-road Malays, particularly from UMNO. The party has been noted as having rough similarities with the now-defunct multi-racial social democratic Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia.[38] The party was joined by the Democratic Action Party (DAP), the Malaysian People's Party (PRM) and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in a big tent alliance of liberals, socialists, and Islamists known as Barisan Alternatif to take on the ruling BN coalition in the 1999 general election.[39]
1999–2004: Early years
[edit]While parliament's term was set to end in June the next year, an early election was called in November under the pretext of avoiding "undesirable" behaviour during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan in December. International media speculated that Mahathir wanted an early election to be held before some 650,000 new voters became eligible to participate.[40][41]
In the lead-up to the election, seven activists, including Keadilan leaders; Vice-President Tian Chua, Gobalakrishnan Nagapan, Youth leader Ezam Mohd Nor, Fairus Izuddin and Dr Badrul Amin Baharun; were arrested between 27 and 30 September and as a result prevented from contesting.[42] Further arrests were made on 10 April 2001 and those arrested were subsequently charged and incarcerated under the Internal Security Act.[43] They became known as the Reformasi 10.[44]
With parliament dissolving on 11 November, parties were only left with 9 days' time to campaign between candidate nominations on 20 November and voting day on 29 November. The short campaign period drew criticism from the opposition, and the party entered the campaign with many of its key leaders under arrest. It also had to contend with the distribution of pornographic videocassettes implicating Anwar in the villages, as well as a lack of access to written and audiovisual media; the government denied opposition parties access to state-run public broadcaster Radio Televisyen Malaysia.[45][22]Thus, despite the party winning 11.67% of the total votes cast, it only managed to win five parliamentary seats. Notably, Wan Azizah managed to secure victory in Permatang Pauh; the seat formerly held by her husband, with a majority of 9,077 votes. The Barisan Alternatif as a whole gained 40.21% of the total votes cast with PAS winning 27 seats and DAP winning ten seats. The big opposition winner was PAS, which gained 20 seats as well as a majority in two state assemblies in Kelantan and Terangganu.
For the first time in Malaysia's history, UMNO, the dominant Malay-based party which had ruled the country for 40 years since independence, received less than half of the total vote of ethnic Malays. Despite losing 14 seats, two of which belonged to federal ministers, the BN coalition still secured a two-thirds majority of 148 seats.
The post election period saw negotiations between Keadilan and Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) on a possible merger.[46] Despite some opposition in both parties to the move,[47][48] a 13-point Memorandum of Understanding was eventually signed by the two parties on 5 July 2002.[49] On 3 August 2003, the new merged entity was officially launched and assumed its current name.[50] However, as PRM had yet to be de-registered by the authorities, dissident members took the opportunity to convene a national congress and revive the party under former youth leader Hassan Abdul Karim.
As the new amendments to the party constitution had yet to be approved by the Registrar of Societies, candidates from PRM contested the 2004 general election using the symbol of the old National Justice Party.[51] The party fared poorly in the elections and only managed to retain one parliamentary seat, Permatang Pauh, despite winning 9% of the popular vote. The poor showing was later attributed to malapportionment and gerrymandering in the delineation of constituencies, with one estimate suggesting that on average, a vote for the BN government was worth 28 times the vote of a Keadilan supporter.[52][unreliable source?]
On 2 September 2004, the Federal Court overturned Anwar's sodomy conviction. As he had already served the entirety of his sentence for his corruption conviction, he was set free.[53] This unexpected turn of events came timely for PKR which was facing flagging morale due to its dismal performance in the elections.
In December 2005, PKR organised its second national congress.[54] Among the motions passed was the New Economic Agenda[55] that envisioned a non-racial economic policy to replace the race-based New Economic Policy. PKR managed a breakthrough into Sarawak politics in May 2006, a state traditionally known as a BN stronghold. In that year's Sarawak state elections, Dominique Ng Kim Ho, a lawyer and activist, won in the Padungan constituency in Kuching, a majority Chinese locale. The party narrowly lost in Saribas, a Malay-Melanau constituency, by just 94 votes. Afterwards, PKR pursued an aggressive strategy of attracting personalities from within and outside politics. In July 2006, Khalid Ibrahim, a former CEO of Permodalan Nasional Berhad and Guthrie, was appointed as treasurer of the party.
2008–2013: Pakatan Rakyat and Anwar's first return to politics
[edit]In the 2008 elections, PKR contested alongside DAP and PAS in a new coalition called Pakatan Rakyat. The party won 31 seats in parliament, while DAP and PAS won 28 and 23 seats respectively. The 82 seats won by the coalition denied BN a two-thirds majority against a backdrop of rises in inflation, crime, and ethnic tension.[56]
PKR also successfully contested the state legislative elections which saw the loose coalition of PKR, DAP and PAS forming coalition governments in the states of Kelantan, Kedah, Penang, Perak and Selangor. The offices of the Menteri Besar of Selangor and the Deputy Chief Minister of Penang were held by PKR members, Khalid Ibrahim and Fairus Khairuddin, respectively.
Anwar's five-year ban from contesting elections, imposed on anyone sentenced to longer than a year in jail, ended on 14 April 2008.[57] A gathering held by supporters celebrating the end of the ban was dispersed by police.[58] Even despite the ban, Anwar had been widely seen as PKR's de facto leader throughout his imprisonment.[59]
Anwar returned to parliament on 28 August 2008 following a landslide victory in the 2008 Permatang Pauh by-election, triggered by Wan Azizah's resignation.[60][61] He was quoted as saying, "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation",[62][63] Despite the claim, Anwar would need at least 30 defections from government lawmakers to form a majority.[64][65]
In June 2010, Suara Keadilan's publication was suspended for publishing a report which claimed a government agency had gone bankrupt. The Home Ministry, which oversees Malaysia's newspapers, said it was not satisfied with the paper's explanation for the allegedly inaccurate report.[66]
In 2012, Anwar was acquitted of a separate sodomy charge from 2008. He was accused by Saiful Bukhari Azlan, his former aide, of sodomising him.[67]
2014–2018: Kajang Move, Pakatan Harapan
[edit]In 2014, the party's strategy director, then Vice-President-cum-Secretary-General Rafizi Ramli, initiated the failed Kajang Move in a bid to topple the 14th Menteri Besar of Selangor, Khalid Ibrahim, and install Anwar as his replacement. The political manoeuvre resulted in a nine-month political crisis within the state of Selangor and the Pakatan Rakyat coalition that also involved the palace of Selangor.[68] The crisis concluded with the appointment of PKR's Deputy President, Azmin Ali, as the 15th Menteri Besar of Selangor. Most analysts regarded the Kajang Move as a failure.[69],
Concurrently, Anwar's acquittal in 2012 was overturned by the Court of Appeal, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. This prevented him from standing as a candidate in the 2014 Kajang by-election and potentially becoming Menteri Besar, although he remained a member of parliament pending the outcome of his appeal. In 2015, his conviction was upheld and he was sent to prison.[70][71]
When the party, as part of the Pakatan Harapan coalition, formed the federal government after securing a majority in the 2018 general election, Anwar was granted a full pardon by the country's monarch, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Widely considered to be the prime minister-in-waiting,[72][73] Anwar returned to parliament once again through the 2018 Port Dickson by-election, dubbed the "PD Move".
Since 2018: Governing coalition, political crisis
[edit]Disputes surrounding the timeline for Anwar to succeed Mahathir,[74] who had become prime minister again after leading Pakatan Harapan in the 2018 election resulted in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis. Mahathir's abrupt resignation brought an end to the Pakatan Harapan government, followed by the defections of eleven PKR members of parliament: Azmin Ali (Gombak), Zuraida Kamaruddin (Ampang), Saifuddin Abdullah (Indera Mahkota), Kamarudin Jaffar (Bandar Tun Razak), Mansor Othman (Nibong Tebal), Mohd Rashid Hasnon (Batu Pahat), Edmund Santhara (Segamat), Ali Biju (Saratok), Willie Mongin (Puncak Borneo), Jonathan Yasin (Ranau), and Baru Bian (Selangau).[75] All except Baru Bian eventually chose to align with the Perikatan Nasional (PN) government formed afterwards. They were later joined by Jugah Muyang (Lubok Antu), an independent who only joined PKR after the election.[76]
The party subsequently suffered an exodus of members aligned with Azmin nationwide.[82] including elected representatives at the state level, whose defections allowed the takeover of two state governments by PN. Most notable was Chong Fat Full (Pemanis), who secured a majority for PN in Johor,[83] along with Robert Ling Kui Ee (Sidam) and Azman Nasrudin (Lunas), whose defections led to a similar outcome in Kedah.[84][85] Daroyah Alwi (Sementa), deputy speaker of the Selangor legislative assembly,[86] and Afif Bahardin (Seberang Jaya), a former vice youth chief, were also among those defecting from the party.[87] Meanwhile, other leaders were expelled, including Haniza Talha (Lembah Jaya),[88] the Women's Chief, as well as Penang assemblyman Zulkifli Ibrahim (Sungai Acheh) and Sabah assemblyman Kenny Chua Teck Ho (Inanam).[89]
Defections continued into 2021 with two MPs, Steven Choong (Tebrau) and Larry Sng (Julau), becoming independents, before going on to form Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) and declare support for the ruling PN government.[90] The last MP to leave the party was PKR vice-president Xavier Jayakumar (Kuala Langat), who cited 'frustrations' by the events of the past year and subsequently became a PN-aligned independent.[91]
The party returned to power following the 2022 general election after the Pakatan Harapan coalition won a plurality of seats. A coalition government, colloquially known as the "unity government", was formed between Pakatan Harapan and its former adversaries, including Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, and several minor parties, with Anwar Ibrahim appointed as the tenth prime minister.
Ideology
[edit]A supporter of liberal democracy,[92] PKR's constitution has as one of their core principles,[93] the establishment of "a society that is just and a nation that is democratic, progressive and united". In practice, the party has primarily focused on promoting social justice,[94] economic justice,[95][96] eliminating political corruption[97] and human rights issues[98] within a non-ethnic framework.[99]
The party has also been described by analysts as having socially conservative and Islamic reformist factions influenced by the Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement (ABIM), of which Anwar was once a president,[8] which actively promotes Islamic values and maqasid syariah within its political platform.[11]
Organisational structure
[edit]Central Leadership Council (2025–2028)
[edit]
|
|
Leadership
[edit]President
[edit]| No. | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail | 4 April 1999 | 17 November 2018 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) 3rd (2007) 4th (2010) 5th (2014) |
| 2 | Anwar Ibrahim | 17 November 2018 | Incumbent | 6th (2018) 7th (2022) 8th (2025) |
Deputy President
[edit]| No. | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chandra Muzaffar | 4 April 1999 | 11 November 2001 | – |
| 2 | Abdul Rahman Othman | 11 November 2001 | 27 May 2007 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) |
| 3 | Syed Husin Ali | 27 May 2007 | 28 November 2010 | 3rd (2007) |
| 4 | Azmin Ali | 28 November 2010 | 24 February 2020 | 4th (2010) 5th (2014) 6th (2018) |
| - | Vacant | 24 February 2020 | 17 July 2022 | - |
| 5 | Rafizi Ramli | 17 July 2022 | 24 May 2025 | 7th (2022) |
| 6 | Nurul Izzah Anwar | 24 May 2025 | Incumbent | 8th (2025) |
Women's Chief
[edit]| No. | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nell Onn | 4 April 1999 | 4 November 1999 | – |
| - | Vacant | 4 November 1999 | 2000 | - |
| 2 | Fuziah Salleh | 2000 | 27 May 2007 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) |
| 3 | Zuraida Kamaruddin | 27 May 2007 | 18 November 2018 | 3rd (2007) 4th (2010) 5th (2014) |
| 4 | Haniza Talha | 18 November 2018 | 29 June 2020 | 6th (2018) |
| - | Vacant | 29 June 2020 | 11 July 2020 | - |
| 5 | Fuziah Salleh | 11 July 2020 | 4 July 2022 | – |
| 6 | Fadhlina Sidek | 4 July 2022 | Incumbent | 7th (2022) 8th (2025) |
Youth Chief
[edit]| No. | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ezam Mohd Nor | 4 April 1999 | 30 October 2006 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) |
| 2 | Shamsul Iskandar Mohd Akin | 30 October 2006 | 22 August 2014 | 3rd (2007) 4th (2010) |
| 3 | Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad | 22 August 2014 | 16 November 2018 | 5th (2014) |
| 4 | Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir | 16 November 2018 | 17 July 2022 | 6th (2018) |
| 5 | Adam Adli Abd Halim | 17 July 2022 | 23 May 2025 | 7th (2022) |
| 6 | Kamil Abdul Munim | 24 May 2025 | Incumbent | 8th (2025) |
Elected representatives
[edit]Dewan Negara (Senate)
[edit]Senators
[edit]- His Majesty's appointee:
- Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
- Saraswathy Kandasami
- Fuziah Salleh
- Abun Sui Anyit
- Manolan Mohamad
- Isaiah Jacob (Kuala Lumpur)
- Niran Tan Kran
- Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
- Penang State Legislative Assembly:
- Selangor State Legislative Assembly:
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
[edit]Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
[edit]PKR has 31 members in the House of Representatives.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
[edit]Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
[edit]
Government offices
[edit]Ministerial posts
[edit]| Portfolio | Office Bearer | Constituency |
|---|---|---|
| Deputy Minister of Higher Education | Adam Adli Abdul Halim | Hang Tuah Jaya |
| Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Costs of Living | Fuziah Salleh | Senator |
| Deputy Minister of Investment, Trade and Industry | Sim Tze Tzin | Bayan Baru |
| Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability | Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh | Ledang |
| Deputy Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture | Chiew Choon Man | Miri |
| Deputy Minister of National Unity | Yuneswaran Ramaraj | Segamat |
State governments
[edit]PKR currently leads the government of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan and served as junior partner in several states governed by Pakatan Harapan, GRS and Barisan Nasional
- Selangor (2008–2014[100], 2014–present)
- Negeri Sembilan (2018–present)
- Penang (2008–present)
- Pahang (2022–present)
- Perak (2008–2009, 2018–2020, 2022–present)
- Malacca (2018–2020, 2022–present)
- Sabah (2018–2020, 2022–present)
- Johor (2018–2020)
- Kedah (2008–2013, 2018–2020)
- Kelantan (2008–2015)
Note: bold as Menteri Besar/Chief Minister, italic as junior partner
| State | Leader type | Member | State Constituency |
|---|---|---|---|
 Negeri Sembilan |
Menteri Besar | Aminuddin Harun | Sikamat |
 Selangor |
Menteri Besar | Amirudin Shari | Sungai Tua |
| State | Leader type | Member | State Constituency |
|---|---|---|---|
 Penang |
Deputy Chief Minister I | Mohamad Abdul Hamid | Batu Maung |
Legislative leadership
[edit]| Portfolio | Office Bearer | Constituency |
|---|---|---|
| Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat | Johari Abdul | Non-MP |
| State | Leader type | Member | State Constituency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Penang
|
Speaker | Law Choo Kiang | Non-MLA |
| Selangor
|
Deputy Speaker | Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin | Bukit Antarabangsa |
Official opposition
[edit]| State | Leader type | Member | State Constituency |
|---|---|---|---|
 Kedah
|
Opposition Leader | Bau Wong Bau Ek | Sidam |
 Perlis
|
Opposition Leader | Gan Ay Ling | Indera Kayangan |
Election results
[edit]General election results
[edit]| Election | Total seats won | Seat Contested | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | 5 / 193
|
78 | 773,679 | 11.67% |  5 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif) |
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2004 | 1 / 219
|
80 | 617,518 | 8.9% |  4 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif) |
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2008 | 31 / 222
|
84 | 1,509,080 | 18.58% | 30 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat) |
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2013 | 30 / 222
|
99 | 2,254,211 | 20.39% | 1 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat) |
Anwar Ibrahim |
| 2018 | 47 / 222
|
70 | 2,046,394 | 16.94% | 17 seats; Governing coalition, later Opposition coalition (Pakatan Harapan) |
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2022 | 31 / 222
|
100 | 2,442,038 | 15.74% | 16 seats; Governing coalition (Pakatan Harapan) |
Anwar Ibrahim |
State election results
[edit]| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis State Legislative Assembly | Kedah State Legislative Assembly | Kelantan State Legislative Assembly | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly | Penang State Legislative Assembly | Perak State Legislative Assembly | Pahang State Legislative Assembly | Selangor State Legislative Assembly | Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor State Legislative Assembly | Sabah State Legislative Assembly | Sarawak State Legislative Assembly | Total won / Total contested | |
| 2/3 majority | 2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
|
| 1999 | 0 / 15 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 43 |
0 / 32 |
1 / 33 |
1 / 52 |
1 / 38 |
1 / 48 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 25 |
0 / 40 |
0 / 48 |
4 / 70
| |
| 2001 | 0 / 62 |
0 / 25
| ||||||||||||
| 2004 | 0 / 15 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 40 |
0 / 59 |
0 / 42 |
0 / 56 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 56 |
0 / 60 |
0 / 121
| |
| 2006 | 1 / 71 |
1 / 25
| ||||||||||||
| 2008 | 0 / 15 |
4 / 36 |
1 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
9 / 40 |
7 / 59 |
0 / 42 |
15 / 56 |
4 / 36 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 56 |
0 / 60 |
40 / 176
| |
| 2011 | 3 / 71 |
3 / 49
| ||||||||||||
| 2013 | 1 / 15 |
4 / 36 |
1 / 45 |
1 / 32 |
10 / 40 |
5 / 59 |
2 / 42 |
14 / 56 |
3 / 36 |
0 / 28 |
1 / 56 |
7 / 60 |
49 / 172
| |
| 2016 | 3 / 82 |
5 / 40
| ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 3 / 15 |
7 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
14 / 40 |
4 / 59 |
2 / 42 |
21 / 56 |
6 / 36 |
3 / 28 |
5 / 56 |
2 / 60 |
70 / 172
| |
| 2020 | 2 / 73
|
2 / 7
| ||||||||||||
| 2021 | 0 / 28
|
0 / 11
| ||||||||||||
| 2021 | 0 / 82 |
0 / 28
| ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 1 / 56
|
1 / 20
| ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 1 / 15
|
5 / 59
|
2 / 42
|
8 / 45
| ||||||||||
| 2023 | 2 / 36
|
0 / 45
|
0 / 32
|
7 / 40
|
12 / 56
|
5 / 36
|
26 / 59
| |||||||
| 2025 | 1 / 73
|
1 / 13
| ||||||||||||
See also
[edit]- List of political parties in Malaysia
- Malaysian General Election
- Politics of Malaysia
- Pakatan Rakyat
- Pakatan Harapan
References
[edit]- ^ Rohaniza, Idris (21 April 2024). "PKR rekod lonjakan keahlian di Kelantan". Retrieved 28 April 2025.
- ^ Gershman, John. "The (Final) Rise of Anwar Ibrahim". Journal of Democracy. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
PKR originated from the Reformasi movement, with a focus on challenging collusion, corruption, and nepotism, and advocating institutional reform and judicial independence.
- ^ Khoo, Boo Teik (11 November 2021). "Recurring Themes in the Politics of Parti Keadilan Rakyat". ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
The party's growth and evolution is closely tied to the Reformasi movement, emphasizing anti-corruption and systemic reform.
- ^ a b Khoo, Boo Teik (11 November 2021). "Recurring Themes in the Politics of Parti Keadilan Rakyat". ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
PKR's policy orientation reflects centre-left social democracy, emphasizing social justice, equitable economic policies, and welfare-oriented governance.
- ^ Byoung-Hoon Lee; Ng Sek-Hong; Russell D. Lansbury, eds. (2019). Trade Unions and Labour Movements in the Asia-Pacific Region. Routledge. ISBN 9780429576089.
... and the Malaysian People's Party (PRM), a former socialist party. PKR is basically a social-liberal party committed to social justice, equality, equal rights, ...
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ABIM-linked and IKRAM-linked actors within PKR share conservative views on numerous religious, moral, and gender issues.
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Secular-leaning PKR factions may alienate more conservative Malays, indicating the presence of socially conservative pressures within the party.
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Some PKR leaders are influenced by political Islam and ABIM, promoting Islamic values and maqasid syariah within the party while maintaining pluralist policies.
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Anwar Ibrahim and ABIM-influenced PKR leaders combine Islam and democracy, reflecting a moderate Islamic reformist current within the party.
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Our focus is to rebuild the support and movement to convince the people that we are a centrist party. Especially the middle-class and multiracial voters where their political views are undecided. – Rafizi Ramli, Deputy President of PKR
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... In the 2008 elections, Anwar's multiracialist and centrist PKR united the two, not just in opposition to the BN, but by pulling their political ideologies toward the political center. It is this feat that allows the Pakatan coalition to ...
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