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Kleisma - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In music theory and tuning, the kleisma (κλείσμα), or semicomma majeur,^[1] is a minute and barely perceptible comma type interval important to musical temperaments. It is the difference between six justly tuned minor thirds (each with a frequency ratio of 6/5) and one justly tuned tritave or perfect twelfth (with a frequency ratio of 3/1, formed by a 2/1 octave plus a 3/2 perfect fifth). It is equal to a frequency ratio of 15625/15552 = 2⁻⁶ 3⁻⁵ 5⁶, or approximately 8.1 cents (Play^ⓘ). It can be also defined as the difference between five justly tuned minor thirds and one justly tuned major tenth (of size 5/2, formed by a 2/1 octave plus a 5/4 major third) or as the difference between a chromatic semitone (25/24) and a greater diesis (648/625).

	Just m3	6 just m3s	Just P5	12TET	19TET	34TET	53TET	72TET
Ratio	6 : 5	(6 : 5)⁶	3 : 2	2^7/12 / 2^6/12	2^11/19	2^20/34	2^31/53	2^42/72
Letter name	E♭	A+	G	G / A	G / A
Cents	315.64	693.84	701.96	700 / 600	694.74	705.88	701.89	700

The interval was named by Shohé Tanaka after the Greek for "closure",^[2] who noted that it was tempered out to a unison by 53 equal temperament.^[3] It is also tempered out in 19, 34, and 72 equal temperament.

12 and 24 equal temperament, however, inflate the kleisma up to an entire semitone instead of tempering it out, as six minor thirds are equal to 18 semitones, while a perfect twelfth is 19 semitones. The same is true for the difference between five minor thirds (15 semitones) and one major tenth (16 semitones).

The interval was described but not used by Rameau in 1726.^[2]

Larry Hanson^[4] independently discovered this interval which also manifested in a unique mapping using a generalized keyboard capable of accommodating all the above temperaments as well as just intonation constant structures (periodicity blocks) with these numbers of scale degrees.

References

^ Haluska, Jan (2003). The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems, p.xxviii. ISBN 978-0-8247-4714-5.
^ ^a ^b Just Intonation Network (1993). 1/1: The Quarterly Journal of the Just Intonation Network, Volume 8, p.19.
^ Studien im Gebiete der reinen Stimmung, in: Vierteljahrsschrift für Musikwissenschaft, Band 6, Nr. 1, Breitkopf und Härtel, Leipzig 1890, pp. 1-90 (Goole-Scan)
^ Hanson, Larry (1989). "Development of a 53-Tone Keyboard Layout", Xenharmonikon XII.

Intervals

Twelve-
semitone
(post-Bach
Western)

(Numbers in brackets
are the number of
semitones in the
interval.)

Perfect	unison (0) fourth (5) fifth (7) octave (12)
Major	second (2) third (4) sixth (9) seventh (11)
Minor	second (1) third (3) sixth (8) seventh (10)
Augmented	unison (1) second (3) third (5) fourth (6) fifth (8) sixth (10) seventh (12)
Diminished	second (0) third (2) fourth (4) fifth (6) sixth (7) seventh (9) octave (11)
Compound	ninth (13 or 14) tenth (15 or 16) eleventh (17 or 18) twelfth (18 or 19) thirteenth (20 or 21) fourteenth (22 or 23) fifteenth (24)

Other
tuning
systems

24-tone equal temperament
(Numbers in brackets refer
to fractional semitones.)

Neutral	quarter tone (1⁄2) second (1+1⁄2) third (3+1⁄2) major fourth (5+1⁄2) minor fifth (6+1⁄2) sixth (8+1⁄2) seventh (10+1⁄2)

Just intonations
(Numbers in brackets
refer to pitch ratios.)

7-limit	septimal quarter tone (36:35) septimal third tone (28:27) septimal chromatic semitone (21:20) septimal diatonic semitone (15:14) supermajor second (8:7) subminor third (7:6) supermajor third (9:7) subminor fifth (7:5) supermajor fourth (10:7) subminor seventh (7:4)
Higher-limit	minor diatonic semitone (17-limit)

Other
intervals

Groups	Microtone 5-limit Comma Pseudo-octave Pythagorean interval Subminor and supermajor
Semitones	Pythagorean limma Pythagorean apotome Major limma
Quarter tones	Quarter tone Septimal quarter tone Undecimal quarter tone
Commas	Pythagorean comma (23.5 cents) Syntonic comma (21.5 cents) Holdrian comma (22.6 cents) Septimal comma (27.3 cents) Lesser diesis (41.1 cents) Greater diesis (62.6 cents) Septimal diesis (35.7 cents) Diaschisma (19.5 cents) Semicomma (10.1 cents) Septimal semicomma (13.8 cents) Kleisma (8.1 cents) Septimal kleisma (7.7 cents) Schisma (1.95 cents) Breedsma (0.72 cents) Ragisma (0.4 cents)
Measurement	Cent Centitone Millioctave Savart
Others	Wolf Ditone Semiditone Secor Incomposite interval

List of pitch intervals

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