Historical earthquakes is a list of significant earthquakes known to have occurred prior to the early 20th century. As the events listed here occurred before routine instrumental recordings – later followed by seismotomography imaging technique,[1] observations using space satellites from outer space,[2] artificial intelligence (AI)-based early earthquake warnings[3] – they rely mainly on the analysis of written sources, observations of shaking objects and/or animal behavior during earthquakes,[4] religious/traditional beliefs about earthquakes (e.g. "God's punishment", "God's rage", "Earth never quiet", "Earth's rage" or "Mother Nature's rage").[5] There is often significant uncertainty and hypothesis in locations and magnitudes – sometimes dates for each earthquakes. The number of fatalities is also often highly uncertain and hypothetical, particularly for the older events.
Pre-11th century
Date | Time‡ | Place | Lat | Long | Fatalities | Mag. | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1920 BC | Qinghai Jishi Gorge outburst flood |
Flood caused by landslide after earthquake | [6] | |||||
1740 BC | Fa of Xia Mount Tai earthquake |
N 34.2705° | E 108.92512° | ? | ? | Listed in the Bamboo Annals | [7][8] | |
479 BC | Aegean Sea 479 BC Potidaea earthquake |
N 39.7° | E 23.3° | Many | 7.0 (approx) | Oldest record of a tsunami. Saved Potidaea from an invasion by the Achaemenid Empire. | [9] | |
464 BC | Sparta, Greece 464 BC Sparta earthquake |
? | 7.2 (approx) | Ms Led to a helot uprising and strained relations with Athens, one of the factors that led to the Peloponnesian War | [10] | |||
373 BC | Gulf of Corinth, Greece | Destroyed ancient city of Helike by Tsunami | [11] | |||||
226 BC | Rhodes, Greece 226 BC Rhodes earthquake |
? | – | Destroyed Colossus of Rhodes and city of Kameiros | [12] | |||
60 BC | Portugal and Galicia coasts | ? | 8.5 | Caused a tsunami | [13] | |||
17 AD | At night | Asia minor AD 17 Lydia earthquake |
37.85 | 27.3 | ? | Destroyed 13 cities in Asia (minor) | Described by the historians Tacitus and Pliny the Elder | |
February 5, 62 AD | Bay of Naples, Italy AD 62 Pompeii earthquake |
? | 5–6 | Brought down a large part of Pompeii, caused severe damage in Herculaneum and Nuceria. | Seneca describes it in his "Quaestiones Naturales VI"[14] | |||
89 AD | Baekje, Seoul, Korea | Lots of people | 6.7 | Houses were broken and lots of people died. | [15] | |||
110 AD | Dian Kingdom, Yunnan, southwestern China | probably thousands | – | Flooded administrative centre of the Dian Kingdom | [16] | |||
December 13, 115 AD | Antioch 115 Antioch earthquake |
36.1 | 36.1 | 260,000 (approx) | 7.5 | Ms | [17] | |
141 or 142 AD | Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese 141 Lycia earthquake |
36.7 | 28.0 | ? | 8 | Triggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes | [18] | |
May 18, 363 AD | Syria 363 Galilee earthquake |
"thousands" | 7 (approx) | Destruction also in "The Holy Land", Petra | Ammianus Marcellinus[19] and numerous other late Antiquity writers.[20] | |||
July 21, 365 AD | Crete (Greece) 365 Crete earthquake |
"thousands" | 8.5+ | Destruction also in Cyrene & Alexandria (by tsunami). Uplifted Crete by 9 metres. | Ammianus Marcellinus[19] and numerous other late Antiquity writers[20] | |||
382 AD | Cape St. Vincent, Portugal | 7.5 | According to Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, the earthquake and corresponding tsunami sank two islets that were situated near Cape St. Vincent. | Ammianus Marcellinus | ||||
May 19, 526 AD | Antioch, Turkey 526 Antioch earthquake |
250,000 | 7.0 | The city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000. | Procopius, II.14.6; sources based on John of Ephesus | |||
July 6, 551 AD | Beirut, Tyre, Tripoli 551 Beirut earthquake |
33.9 | 35.5 | 30,000 | 7.5 | Mw Triggered a devastating tsunami, all the cities of the Phoenician coast from Tyre to Tripoli were reduced to ruins | [21] | |
November 26, 684 AD | Shikoku, Japan 684 Hakuhō earthquake |
32.8 | 134.3 | 101–1,000 | 8.4 MK (Kawasumi scale) | Various references estimate the quake's magnitude at 8.0 to 8.4, with damage being "severe". Other dates for the quake are: October 14 (incorrect date) and November 24.[22] | Described in the history book Nihon Shoki | |
January 18, 749 AD | The Levant 749 Galilee earthquake |
"tens of thousands" | 7.0–7.5 (approx) | The cities of Tiberias, Beit She'an, Hippos and Pella were largely destroyed while many other cities across the Levant region were heavily damaged. | [23][24] | |||
April 29, 801 AD | Central Italy 801 Apennine earthquake |
41.896 | 12.482 | 5.4 Me | There was severe damage in Rome. The quake was also felt in Spoleto. | [25] | ||
November 24, 847 AD | Damascus, Syria 847 Damascus earthquake |
33.5 | 36.3 | 70,000 | 7.3 | [21][26] | ||
December 856 AD | Corinth, Greece | 37.9 | 22.9 | 45,000 | – | [26][27] | ||
December 22, 856 AD (aftershocks for about a year) | Qumis, Iran. From Khuvar to Bustam and Gurgan. The town of Qumis (Hecatompylos) hardest hit. 856 Damghan earthquake |
36.23 | 54.14 | 200,000 | 7.9 (approx) | The city of Qumis was half destroyed and had 45,096 casualties. | [26][28] | |
July 13, 869 AD | Sendai, Japan 869 Jōgan earthquake |
38.5 | 143.8 | 1,000 (approx) | 8.6–9.0 Mw | [29][30] | ||
March 23, 893 AD | Ardabil, Iran 893 Ardabil earthquake |
38.28 | 48.30 | 150,000 | – | – | Regarded as a 'fake earthquake', due to misunderstanding of original Armenian sources for the 893 Dvin event.[31][32][33][34] | |
December 28, 893 AD | Dvin, Armenia 893 Dvin earthquake |
40.0 | 44.6 | 30,000 | 6 (approx) | Mislocated in India | [35] |
11th–16th centuries
Date | Time‡ | Place | Lat | Long | Fatalities | Mag. | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
December 1033 | Jordan Valley, Levant, Israel & the State of Palestine 1033 Jordan Valley earthquake |
32.5 | 35.5 | 70,000 | 7.3 | Mw . Triggered a tsunami. | [36] | |
December 1037 | Taizhou, Jiangsu, China | 32.0 | 119.0 | 22,391 | [37][38] | |||
August 12, 1042 | Palmyra, Baalbek, Syria, Lebanon | 35.1 | 38.9 | 50,000 | 7.2 (>VIII) | [21][26] | ||
March 18, 1068 | Near East 1068 Near East earthquake |
20,000 | ≥7.0 | [39][40] | ||||
October 11, 1138 | Aleppo, Syria 1138 Aleppo earthquake |
36.1 | 36.8 | 230,000 | 7.1 | [21][41] | ||
September 30, 1139 | Ganja, Azerbaijan 1139 Ganja earthquake |
40.3 | 46.2 | 230,000–300,000 | 7.7 | Ms . Resulted in the total destruction of Ganja. | [42] | |
August 12, 1157 | 08:15 | Hama, Syria 1157 Hama earthquake |
35.1 | 36.3 | 8,000 | 7.2 | Ms Largest in a sequence lasting from late 1156 to early 1159 | [21][41][43] |
February 4, 1169 | Sicily 1169 Sicily earthquake |
37.3 | 15.0 | 15,000 | 6.4–7.3 | [44] | ||
June 29, 1170 | 06:29 | Eastern Mediterranean 1170 Syria earthquake |
34.4 | 36.4 | 5,000–80,000 in Aleppo[45] 25,000 in Hama |
7.3–7.5[46] 7.7[47] |
Syria, Lebanon, central southern Turkey | Numerous sources from Crusader times.[41][43] |
July 5, 1201 and/or May 20, 1202 | Eastern Mediterranean; 1202 Syria earthquake | 1,100,000 (includes famine/disease deaths) | 7.6 | Damage across a wide area from Syria to Upper Egypt | – | |||
May 11, 1222 | 06:15 | Cyprus 1222 Cyprus earthquake |
34.7 | 32.6 | 7.0–7.5 | Caused damage at Paphos, Limassol and Nicosia | [48] | |
1269 | Cilicia, Anatolia (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia) 1269 Cilicia earthquake |
37.5 | 35.5 | 60,000 | 7 (approx) | |||
September 27, 1290 | Zhili (Hebei), China 1290 Zhili earthquake |
41.5 | 119.3 | 100,000 | 6.8 | Ms | [49] | |
May 26, 1293 | Kamakura, (now in Kanagawa Prefecture, Kantō region,) Japan 1293 Kamakura earthquake |
35.2 | 139.4 | 23,024 | 7.1 | [50] | ||
August 8, 1303 | 06:00 | 1303 Crete earthquake, Greece | 35 | 27 | up to 10,000 | ~8 | Triggered a major tsunami that devastated Alexandria in Egypt | [51] |
September 25, 1303 | 1303 Hongdong earthquake, China | 36.3 | 111.7 | 270,000 | Mw 7.2–7.6 | Taiyuan and Pingyang (modern Linfen) were leveled. | [52] | |
January 1, 1341 | Crimea, Ukraine | Not known | 6 | [53] | ||||
January 25, 1348 | 15:00 | Friuli, Venice, Rome 1348 Friuli earthquake |
46.37 | 13.58 | 10,000 | 6.9 | [26] | |
August 24, 1356 | Lisbon, Portugal 1356 Lisbon earthquake |
8.5 | Mw | [54][55] | ||||
October 18, 1356 | Basel, Switzerland 1356 Basel earthquake |
47.5 | 07.6 | 1,000 | 6.2 | Mw | [56] | |
May 21, 1382 | Canterbury, UK 1382 Dover Straits earthquake |
? | 5.8 | Struck during synod – later called "Earthquake Synod" – called to condemn heresy of John Wycliffe – some saw as portentous | [57][58] | |||
February 2, 1428 | Catalonia (now Spain) 1428 Catalonia earthquake |
42.4 | 2.2 | 1,000s | 6.7 | Sometimes called the terratrèmol de la candelera because it took place during the Candlemas. | [26][59][60] | |
December 5, 1456 | Province of Benevento, Kingdom of Naples (now Italy) 1456 Central Italy earthquakes |
41.3 | 14.7 | 30,000–70,000 | 7.2 | The largest and most widespread earthquake on the Italian Peninsula. Was followed by another Mw 7.0 shock on December 30. | ||
May 3, 1481 | 03:00 | Rhodes 1481 Rhodes earthquake |
36.0 | 28.0 | 30,000 | 7.1 | Largest of a series that lasted 10 months | [61] |
September 20, 1498 | 08:00 local time | Honshu 1498 Meiō earthquake |
34.0 | 138.1 | 31,000 | 8.6 | Ms | [62] |
June 6, 1505 | Nepal 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake |
29.5 | 83.0 | 30% of Nepalese population | 8.2–8.8 | |||
September 10, 1509 | 22:00 | Istanbul, Turkey 1509 Constantinople earthquake |
40.9 | 28.7 | 10,000 | 7.2 | Ms | [63] |
January 26, 1531 | 04:30 | Lisbon, Portugal 1531 Lisbon earthquake |
38.9 | −09.0 | 30,000 | 6.9 | [64] | |
January 23, 1556 | Shaanxi, China 1556 Shaanxi earthquake |
34.5 | 109.7 | 830,000+ | 8.2–8.3 | Deadliest earthquake in recorded history | USGS | |
November 16–17, 1570 | 19:10 | Ferrara, Italy 1570 Ferrara earthquake |
44.817 | 11.633 | 70–200 | 5.5 | Azariah de Rossi's Kol Elohim[26][65] | |
December 16, 1575 | 18:30 | Valdivia, Chile 1575 Valdivia earthquake |
−39.8 | −73.2 | ? | 8.5 | [26][66] | |
June 10–11, 1585 | Unk | Aleutian Islands, Alaska 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake |
Unk | Unk | Unk | 9.25 | Mw On June 11, 1585, a moderate tsunami struck the Sanriku coast of Japan. At the same time, a number of Hawaiian natives died after their settlements was struck by a tsunami-like event described in oral traditions. Paleotsunami evidence was also found in the Hawaiian Islands corresponding to a large tsunami in the 16th century. Modelling of a magnitude 9.25 earthquake in the Aleutian Islands matched the descriptions and geological evidences in Japan and Hawaii. |
[67] |
January 18, 1586 | 23:00 | Chūbu region, Japan 1586 Tenshō earthquake |
36.0 | 136.9 | 8,000 | 7.9 | MJMA | [68] |
17th century
Date | Time‡ | Place | Lat | Long | Fatalities | Mag. | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
November 24, 1604 | 12:30 local time | Arica, Chile 1604 Arica earthquake |
-18.500 | -70.400 | ? | 8.5 | MI | [69] |
February 3, 1605 | 20:00 local time | Shikoku, Honshu, Japan 1605 Keichō earthquake |
33.5 | 138.5 | thousands | 7.9 | Ms | [70] |
July 13, 1605 | Qiongshan, Hainan, China 1605 Guangdong earthquake |
19.9 | 110.5 | 3,000 | 7.5 (X) | [71] | ||
December 11, 1611 | 10:30 | Sanriku, Japan 1611 Sanriku earthquake |
39.0 | 144.4 | ~5,000 | 8.1 | Ms | [72] |
October 25, 1622 | Ningxia, China 1622 North Guyuan earthquake |
36.5 | 106.3 | 12,000 | 7.0 | Ms | [73] | |
May 11, 1624 | 03:00–04:00 | Fez, Morocco 1624 Fez earthquake |
34.1 | -5.1 | thousands | 6.0 | Mw | [74] |
August 1, 1629 | Banda Sea, Indonesia 1629 Banda Sea earthquake |
-4.6 | 129.9 | 0 | 8.2-8.8 | Mw | [75] | |
March 27, 1638 | Calabria, Kingdom of Sicily (present-day Italy) 1638 Calabrian earthquakes |
38.64 | 15.78 | 9,581–30,000 | 7.1 | A sequence of four earthquakes. | [76] | |
March 27, 1638 | night | Tabriz, Iran 1641 Tabriz earthquake |
37.9 | 46.1 | 12,613–30,000 | 6.8 | Ms | |
February 5, 1663 | 17:30 local time | Quebec, Canada 1663 Charlevoix earthquake |
47.6 | 70.1 | 0 | 7.3–7.9 | Landslides were the primary feature. | [77] |
April 6, 1667 | Dubrovnik, Croatia 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake |
42.3 | 18.1 | 3,000 | 7.2 | [78] | ||
November 25, 1667 | Shamakhi, Azerbaijan 1667 Shamakhi earthquake |
40.6 | 48.6 | 80,000 | 6.9 | Ms | [49] | |
July 25, 1668 | Shandong, China 1668 Shandong earthquake |
35.3 | 118.6 | 42,578 | 8.5 | Largest earthquake in East China. | [79] | |
August 17, 1668 | Anatolia, Turkey 1668 North Anatolia earthquake |
40 | 36 | 8,000 | 8 | Largest earthquake in Turkey. | USGS | |
February 17, 1674 | 19:30 | Ambon, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) 1674 Ambon earthquake and megatsunami |
3.75 | 127.75 | 2,347 | 6.8 | Major tsunami up to 100 meters high. First and largest ever documented tsunami in Indonesia. | |
November 4, 1677 | 20:00 | Bōsō Peninsula, Japan 1677 Bōsō earthquake |
35.0 | 141.5 | 569 | 8.3–8.6 | Mw | [80] |
October 20, 1687 | 11:30 | Lima, Peru 1687 Peru earthquake |
−15.2 | −75.9 | 5,000 | 8.2 | [26] | |
June 5, 1688 | Province of Benevento, Italy 1688 Sannio earthquake |
41.3 | 14.6 | est. 10,000 | 7 | Completely destroyed Cerreto Sannita and Guardia Sanframondi, heavily damaged Benevento. | [81] | |
September 13, 1692 | 11:00 | Salta Province, Argentina 1692 Salta earthquake |
−25.40 | −64.80 | ~13 | 7.0 | The small village of Talavera del Esteco was completely destroyed. | [82] |
June 7, 1692 | 11:43 local time | Port Royal, Jamaica 1692 Jamaica earthquake |
17.9 | −76.8 | 2,000+ | 7 (approx) (X) | [83][84] | |
January 11, 1693 | Catania Province, Sicily 1693 Sicily earthquake |
60,000 | 7.5 | |||||
September 5, 1694 | 11:40 | Irpinia, Italy 1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake |
40.88 | 15.35 | 6,000 | 6.9 | Mw | [85] |
May 18, 1695 | 12:00 | Shanxi, Qing dynasty 1695 Linfen earthquake |
36.0 | 111.5 | 52,600–176,365 | 7.8 | Mw | [86] |
January 5, 1699 | Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia) 1699 Java earthquake |
6.078 | 105.913 | 128 | 7.4–8.0 | Mw |
18th century
Date | Time‡ | Place | Lat | Long | Fatalities | Mag. | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January 26, 1700 | ~21:00 | Cascadia subduction zone 1700 Cascadia earthquake Source of "Orphan Tsunami," which struck Japan hours later. The Japanese were caught off-guard, not knowing the origin of the wave, until geologist Brian Atwater's research confirmed it. |
9.0 | M (Satake et al., 1996) | USGS | |||
January 14, 1703 | 18:00 | Norcia, Italy 1703 Apennine earthquakes |
42.7 | 13.07 | 6,240–9,761 | 6.7 | Mw | [26][87] |
February 2, 1703 | 11:05 | L'Aquila, Italy 1703 Apennine earthquakes |
42.43 | 13.3 | 2,500–5,000 | 6.7 | Mw | [26][87] |
December 31, 1703 | 17:00 | Kantō region, Japan 1703 Genroku earthquake |
35.0 | 140.0 | 10,000 | 8.2 | Ms | [88] |
November 3, 1706 | 13:00 | Abruzzo, Italy 1706 Abruzzo earthquake |
42.1 | 14.1 | 2,400 | 6.8 | Mw | [88] |
October 28, 1707 | 14:00 local time | Japan 1707 Hōei earthquake |
33.0 | 136.0 | 5,000+ | 8.6 | [89] | |
October 14, 1709 | Zhongwei, China 1709 Zhongwei earthquake |
37.4 | 105.3 | 2,000+ | 7.5 | Mw | [90][91] | |
February 3, 1716 | Algiers, Algeria 1716 Algiers earthquake |
36.8 | 3.0 | 20,000 | IX–X European macroseismic scale | |||
June 19, 1718 | Gansu, China 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake |
35.0 | 105.2 | 73,000 | 7.5 | Ms | [92] | |
April 26, 1721 | Tabriz, Iran 1721 Tabriz earthquake |
37.9 | 46.7 | ~80,000 | 7.7 | [88] | ||
July 8, 1730 | 08:45 | Valparaíso, Chile 1730 Valparaíso earthquake |
−32.5 | −71.5 | ? | 8.7 | [93] | |
September 30, 1730 | 10:00 local time | Beijing, China | 40.0 | 116.2 | 100s | 6.5 | [94][95] | |
November 29, 1732 | 8:40 local time | Irpinia, Italy 1732 Irpinia earthquake |
41.0727 | 15.0623 | 6.6 | Ms | [96] | |
October 16, 1737 | 15:30 local time | Kamchatka, Russia 1737 Kamchatka earthquake |
51.1 | 158.0 | 8.3 | Ms | [97][98] | |
January 4, 1739 | 18:00 UTC | Ningxia, China 1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo earthquake |
38.9 | 106.5 | >50,000 | 8.0 | ||
October 28, 1746 | 22:30 local time | Lima & Callao, Peru 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake |
−11.35 | −77.28 | 4,000–5,000 | 8.6–8.8 | Mw | [99] |
May 25, 1751 | 1:00 local time | Concepción, Chile 1751 Concepción earthquake |
−36.830 | −73.030 | 8.5 | MI | USGS | |
June 7, 1755 | Northern Persia | 34.0 | 51.5 | 1,200 40,000[100] |
5.9 | [95][101] | ||
November 1, 1755 | 10:16 | Lisbon, Portugal 1755 Lisbon earthquake |
36 | −11 | 80,000 | 8.5 | Caused a huge tsunami | USGS |
November 18, 1755 | 09:11 | Boston, Massachusetts, United States 1755 Cape Ann earthquake |
42.7 | −70.2 | 0 | 5.9 | Mw | [102][103] |
November 27, 1755 | Fez and Meknes, Morocco 1755 Meknes earthquake |
34 | −5 | 15,000 | 6.5–7.0 | Mw | [104][105] | |
November 25, 1759 | 19:23 local time | Eastern Mediterranean 1759 Near East earthquakes |
33.7 | 35.9 | 1,000s | 7.4 | Ms Earthquake in same area on October 30 considered to be a foreshock. | [21] |
March 31, 1761 | 13:01 local time | Lisbon, Portugal 1761 Lisbon earthquake |
34.5 | 13.0 | Unknown | 8.5 | Ms Second major earthquake in Europe in six years. | |
April 2, 1762 | Northeastern Bay of Bengal[106] 1762 Arakan earthquake |
22.0 | 92.0 | 200 | up to 8.8 | Mw | [107] | |
June 28, 1763 | 05:28 | Komárom, Kingdom of Hungary 1763 Komárom earthquake |
47.73 | 18.15 | 83 | 6.2–6.5 | Mw | [108] |
May 22, 1766 | 05:10 | Istanbul, Turkey 1766 Istanbul earthquake |
40.8 | 29.0 | 4,000 | 7.1 | Ms | [109] |
October 21, 1766 | 04:30 local time | Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela 1766 Southeastern Caribbean earthquake |
11.0 | −62.5 | 6.5–7.5 | Ms Destroyed Spanish colonial capital of San Jose, Trinidad (now St. Joseph). | [110][111] | |
June 3, 1770 | 19:15 local time | Port-au-Prince, Haiti 1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake |
18.7 | −72.63 | 200+ | 7.5 | Mw | [112] |
July 29, 1773 | Guatemala 1773 Guatemala earthquake |
14.6 | -90.7 | 5–600 | 7.5 | |||
January 8, 1780 | Tabriz, Iran 1780 Tabriz earthquake |
38.0 | 46.2 | 40,000–200,000 | 7.4 | Ms | [113][114] | |
February 4–5, 1783; March 28, 1783 | 12:00 | Calabria, Italy 1783 Calabrian earthquakes |
38.15 | 15.70 | 35,000 | 6.9 | Mw First in a sequence of five earthquakes Mw ≥ 5.9 to hit Calabria in less than two months. | [115] |
June 1, 1786 | 04:00 local time | Sichuan, China 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake |
29.9 | 102.0 | ~100,000 | 7.75 | Mw Triggered a landslide that blocked the Dadu river – the collapse of the dam during an aftershock and subsequent flood caused most of the casualties. | [116] |
March 28, 1787 | 11:30 local time | Oaxaca, Mexico 1787 New Spain earthquake |
16.5 | -98.5 | 11+ | 8.6 | Mw | |
February 4, 1797 | 12:30 | Quito, Ecuador & Cuzco, Peru 1797 Riobamba earthquake |
41,000 | 7.3 | Mw | [117] | ||
February 10, 1797 | Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia) 1797 Sumatra earthquake |
−1.0 | 99.0 | 300 | 8.4 | [118][119][120] |
19th century
Date | Time‡ | Place | Lat | Long | Fatalities | Mag. | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
October 26, 1802 | 10:55 | Vrancea region, Moldavia, now Romania 1802 Vrancea earthquake |
45.7 | 26.6 | 3 in Bucharest | 7.9 | Serious damage in the area. All church steeples in Bucharest collapsed, as well as many houses and Colţea bell tower. | [121][122] |
February 16, 1810 | 22:15 | Crete, Heraklion 1810 Crete earthquake |
35.5 | 25.6 | 2,000 | 7.5 | Mw | [123] |
December 16, 1811 | 08:00 | New Madrid, Missouri, United States 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes |
36.6 | −89.6 | 8.1 | MI | USGS | |
January 23, 1812 | 15:00 | New Madrid, Missouri, United States 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes |
36.6 | −89.6 | 7.8 | MI | USGS | |
February 7, 1812 | 09:45 | New Madrid, Missouri, United States 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes |
36.6 | −89.6 | 8 | MI (Johnston, 1996) | USGS | |
March 26, 1812 | 16:37 | Caracas, La Guaira, El Tocuyo, San Felipe, Barquisimeto, Mérida, La Victoria, Valencia, Venezuela 1812 Caracas earthquake | 15,000–20,000 | 7.7–8.0 | ||||
December 8, 1812 | 7:00 a.m. local time | Alta California 1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake | 40 | 6.9–7.5 | Destroyed the "Great Stone Church" at Mission San Juan Capistrano | |||
December 21, 1812 | 11:00 a.m. local time | Santa Barbara Channel, California, United States | 34.12 | −119.54 | 1–2 | 7.1–7.5 | Destroyed the church at Mission Santa Barbara, caused near-total destruction at Mission La Purísima Concepción, and considerable damage at Mission Santa Inés | Southern California Earthquake Data Center |
June 16, 1819 | 18:45–18:50 local time | Gujarat, India 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake |
23.0 | 71.0 | >1,543 | 7.7–8.2 | Mw Formed an 80 km long ridge, the Allah Bund ('Dam of God') | [124] |
June 2, 1823 | 08:00 | south flank of Kīlauea, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii | 19.3 | −155 | 7 | MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) | USGS | |
August 26, 1833 | Himalayas, Nepal–India–Tibet region 1833 Bihar–Nepal earthquake |
28.3 | 85.5 | ~500 | 7.7–7.9 | Mw | [125] | |
November 25, 1833 | Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia) 1833 Sumatra earthquake |
−2.5 | 100.5 | "numerous victims" | 8.8–9.2 | Mw Huge tsunami flooded all southern part of western Sumatra | [118][120][126] | |
June 10, 1836 | 15:30 | south San Francisco Bay region, California, Mexico (now United States) | 36.9 | −121.5 | 6.5 | MI (Bakun, 1999) Reports probably refer to the 1838 San Andreas earthquake, misreported in 1868 following the Hayward earthquake of that year | USGS,[127] | |
January 1, 1837 | 16:00 local time | Galilee, Palestine 1837 Galilee earthquake |
33.0 | 35.5 | 6,000–7,000 | >7.0 | Ms | [21][128] |
June 1838 | San Francisco Peninsula, California, Mexico (now United States) 1838 San Andreas earthquake |
37.3 | −123.2 | 6.8 | MI (Bakun, 1999) | USGS | ||
January 11, 1839 | 06:00 local time | Offshore Martinique, France 1839 Martinique earthquake |
14.5 | –60.5 | 700–4,000
|
7.8–8.0
|
Severe damage in Martinique, and felt throughout most of the Lesser Antilles | |
March 23, 1839 | 04:00 | Inwa, Kingdom of Burma (present day Myanmar) | 21.9 | 96.0 | 300–500
|
8.1–8.2
|
Destroyed the city of Amarapura, Mandalay and the former capital Inwa. | [129] |
January 5, 1843 | 02:45 | Marked Tree, Arkansas, United States | 35.5 | −90.5 | 6.3 | MI (Johnston, 1996) | USGS | |
February 8, 1843 | 10:37 local time | Guadeloupe, France | 16.5 | 62.2 | 1,500–5,000
|
8.5
|
||
May 8, 1847 | Around Zenkō-ji Temple, (now in Nagano Prefecture, Chūbu region,) Japan 1847 Zenkoji earthquake |
36.7 | 138.2 | >8,600 | 7.4 | 2,094 houses lost by fire with quake at Nagano. | [130] | |
November 26, 1852 | Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies 1852 Banda Sea earthquake |
5.24 | 129.75 | 60+ | 7.5–8.8 | Mw Major tsunami. | ||
December 23, 1854 | 09:00 | Honshu, Japan 1854 Tōkai earthquake |
34.0 | 137.8 | 2,000 | 8.4 | Major tsunami. | [131] |
December 24, 1854 | 16:00 | Honshu, Japan 1854 Nankai earthquake |
33.0 | 135.0 | thousands | 8.4 | Major tsunami | [131] |
January 23, 1855 | 21:11 local time | Wairarapa, New Zealand 1855 Wairarapa earthquake |
−41.4 | 174.5 | 4 | 8.0 (approx) | Raised sections of Wellington coastline by 2 metres. | – |
November 11, 1855 | 22:00 local time | Edo (now Tokyo, Kantō region), Japan 1855 Edo earthquake |
35.65 | 139.8 | ~ 7,000 | 7.0 | Ms 10,000 houses destroyed in Edo. | 安政の大地震 in Japanese |
October 12, 1856 | 02:38 or 02:24 local time | Crete-Rhodes, Greece (then the Ottoman Empire) | 35.5 | 26.0 | 600+ | 7.7–8.3 Mw | Widespread damage to Greece, Malta, Anatolia and the Middle East. | |
January 9, 1857 | 16:24 | Fort Tejon, California, United States (San Andreas Fault from Parkfield to Wrightwood) 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake |
1 | 7.9 | M (Grant and Sieh, 1993; Stein and Hanks, 1998) | USGS | ||
December 16, 1857 | 21:00 | Naples, Italy 1857 Basilicata earthquake |
40.3 | 16 | 11,000 | 6.9 | MI | USGS |
February 16, 1861 | Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia) 1861 Sumatra earthquake |
1.0 | 97,5 | 905 | 8.5 | Caused a major tsunami. | [132][133] | |
March 20, 1861 | 20:36 | Mendoza Province, Argentina 1861 Mendoza earthquake |
-32.9 | -68.9 | 5,235 | 7.2 | Strongest earthquake in Mendoza Province and proportional most deadly in Argentinean history. | INPRES |
October 8, 1865 | 20:46 | San Jose, California, United States | 37.2 | −121.9 | 6.5 | MI (Bakun, 1999) | USGS | |
April 14, 1867 | 14:30 | Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas 1867 Manhattan, Kansas earthquake |
39.2 | –96.3 | 5.1 | Mfa | ||
June 10, 1867 | 21:09 | Central Java, Dutch East Indies 1867 Java earthquake |
-8.7 | 110.6 | 700 | 7.8 | Mw | |
November 18, 1867 | 18:45 | Anegada Passage, between the British Virgin Islands and Danish West Indies (present-day US Virgin Islands) 1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami |
18.2 | –65.0 | ~30 | 7.3–7.5 | NGDC | |
December 18, 1867 | 09:00 | New Taipei City, Taiwan 1867 Keelung earthquake |
25.34 | 121.91 | 580 | 7.0 | Mw . Thought to be the only destructive tsunami (15 meters) in Taiwan. | |
April 3, 1868 | 02:25 | Kau, southeast Hawaii, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii 1868 Hawaii earthquake |
19.2 | −155.5 | 77 | 7.9 | MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) | USGS |
August 13, 1868 | 16:45 local time | Arica, Chile 1868 Arica earthquake |
−18.500 | −70.350 | 25,000 | 8.5-9.3 | Mw, Okal et al. (2006) gives upper end magnitude | USGS |
October 21, 1868 | 15:53 | Hayward, California, United States, Hayward Fault Zone 1868 Hayward earthquake |
37.7 | −122.1 | 30 | 6.8 | MI (Bakun, 1999) | USGS |
February 20, 1871 | 08:42 | Molokai, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii 1871 Lānaʻi earthquake |
21.2 | −156.9 | 6.8 | MI (Klein and Wright, 2000) | USGS | |
March 26, 1872 | 10:30 | Owens Valley, California, United States 1872 Owens Valley earthquake |
36.5 | −118 | 27 | 7.6 | M (Beanland and Clark, 1994) | USGS |
December 15, 1872 | 05:40 | North Cascades, Washington, United States 1872 North Cascades earthquake |
47.9 | −120.3 | 7.3 | MI (Malone and Bor, 1979; Rogers et al., 1983) | USGS | |
May 10, 1877 | 21:16 local time | Iquique, Chile 1877 Iquique earthquake |
−19.600 | −70.230 | 2,541 | 8.8 | Mw | USGS |
November 9, 1880 | 7:04 local time | Zagreb, Croatia 1880 Zagreb earthquake |
45.9 | 16.1 | 1 | 6.2 | Ms | [134] |
April 3, 1881 | 11:30 | Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı 1881 Chios earthquake |
38.25 | 26.25 | 7,866 | 6.5 | Mw | [135] |
December 31, 1881 | 01:49 | India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake |
8.52 | 92.43 | 0 | 7.9 | Mw | [136] |
September 7, 1882 | 3:50 local time | San Blas Islands, Panama 1882 Panama earthquake |
10.0 | 79.0 | 250 | 8.3 | Ms Largest earthquake in Panamanian history | [137] |
December 25, 1884 | 09:18 | Andalusia, Spain 1884 Andalusian earthquake |
-36.96 | 4.07 | 1,200 | 6.5 | Mw | |
August 27, 1886 | 21:32 | Filiatra, western Peloponnese, Greece 1886 Peloponnese earthquake |
37.1 | 21.5 | 600 | 7.5 | unknown | [138] |
August 31, 1886 | 02:51 | Charleston, South Carolina, United States 1886 Charleston earthquake |
32.9 | −80 | 60 | 7.3 | MI (Johnston, 1996) Believed to be the largest earthquake ever to strike the east coast. | USGS |
February 23, 1887 | 06:30 local time | Liguria, Italy | 43.78 | 8.07 | 600–3,000 | 6.3–7.5 | Mw The earthquake caused severe damage along the Ligurian coast and caused the town of Bussana Vecchia to be abandoned. | [139][140] |
September 1, 1888 | 04:10 local time | North Canterbury, New Zealand 1888 North Canterbury earthquake |
−42.6 | 172.4 | 7.0–7.3 | First earthquake observed to be associated with mainly horizontal fault displacement. | – | |
July 28, 1889 | 23:40 | Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan 1889 Kumamoto earthquake |
32.8 | 130.7 | 20 | 6.3 | [26] | |
October 27, 1891 | 21:38 | Mino-Owari (Gifu-Aichi Prefectures), Tōkai region, Japan 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake |
35.6 | 136.6 | 7,273 | 8 | MS | USGS |
April 19, 1892 | 10:50 | Vacaville, California, United States 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes |
38.5 | −121.8 | 1 | 6.4 | MI (Bakun, 1999) | USGS |
April 21, 1892 | 17:43 | Winters, California, United States 1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes |
38.6 | −122 | 6.4 | MI (Bakun, 1999) | USGS | |
November 17, 1893 | 15:06 | Quchan, Iran 1893 Quchan earthquake |
37.2 | 58.4 | 18,000 | 6.6 | Ms | [141] |
October 31, 1895 | 11:08 | Charleston, Missouri, United States 1895 Charleston earthquake |
37 | −89.4 | 6.6 | MI (Johnston, 1996) | USGS | |
June 15, 1896 | 19:32 | Off the Pacific coast of Sanriku, Iwate Prefecture, Tōhoku region, Japan 1896 Sanriku earthquake |
39.5 | 144 | 22,000+ | 8.0–8.1 (approx) | Mw | USGS |
June 12, 1897 | 11:06 | Assam, India 1897 Assam earthquake |
26 | 91 | 1,500 | 8.3 | USGS | |
September 21, 1897 | 05:12 | Mindanao, Philippines 1897 Mindanao earthquakes |
6.0 | 122.0 | 13 | 7.5 | MS | [142][143] |
September 4, 1899 | 00:22 | Cape Yakataga, Alaska, United States 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes |
60 | -142 | 7.9 | MS | USGS | |
September 10, 1899 | 21:41 | Yakutat Bay, Alaska, United States 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes |
60 | −142 | 8 | MS | USGS | |
September 20, 1899 | 04:00 | Ottoman Empire 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake |
37.9 | 28.1 | 1,117 | 7.1 | Mw | NGDC |
October 9, 1900 | 12:28 | Kodiak Island, Alaska, United States | 57.1 | −153.5 | 7.7 | MS | USGS | |
October 28, 1900 | 09:11 | offshore Miranda, Venezuela 1900 San Narciso earthquake |
11.0 | −66.0 | 140 | 7.7 | Ms | USGS |
Source for all events with 'USGS' labelled as the source United States Geological Survey (USGS) [1] Note: Magnitudes are generally estimations from intensity data. When no magnitude was available, the maximum intensity, written as a Roman numeral from I to XII, is given.
See also
- Archaeoseismology
- Lists of 20th-century earthquakes
- Lists of 21st-century earthquakes
- List of tsunamis
- Lists of earthquakes
- List of megathrust earthquakes
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External links
- Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
- Earthquakes Canada
- Historical earthquakes in Europe
- IRIS Seismic Monitor, Recent earthquakes around the world
- Recent New Zealand earthquakes
- SeismoArchives, Seismogram Archives of Significant Earthquakes of the World
- USGS list of current earthquakes
- USGS list of earthquakes magnitude 6.0 and greater sorted by magnitude
- Global Significant Earthquake Database, 2150 BC to present – National Geophysical Data Center
- Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006 – Building Research Institute (Japan)