List of communist states

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List of communist states - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following are lists of current and former states that claimed to be communist states.

Current communist states

The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism. They are listed here together with the year of their founding and their respective ruling parties.^[1]

Overview of current states espousing Marxism–Leninism
Country	Local name	Since	Ruling party	Ideology
People's Republic of China^{[nb 1]}	Chinese: 中华人民共和国 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó	1 October 1949 (1949-10-01)	Communist Party of China	Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Republic of Cuba	Spanish: República de Cuba	1 January 1959 (1959-01-01) 24 February 1976 (1976-02-24) (communist constitution adopted)	Communist Party of Cuba	Castroism Guevarism
Lao People's Democratic Republic	Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ Lao romanisation: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao	2 December 1975 (1975-12-02)	Lao People's Revolutionary Party	Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
Socialist Republic of Vietnam	Vietnamese: Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam	2 September 1945 (North Vietnam^{[nb 2]}) 30 April 1975 (South Vietnam) 2 July 1976 (unified)	Communist Party of Vietnam	Ho Chi Minh Thought

Disputed

Although founded as a Marxist–Leninist state, North Korea began moving away from orthodox Marxism–Leninism and replaced all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea with Juche in 1992.^[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.^[3] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.^[4] The government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism. The ruling Workers' Party of Korea reinstated its goal towards communism in 2021.^[5] Some communists, especially the anti revisionists, call the DPRK a non marxist socialist state.


Country	Local name	Since	Ruling party	Ideology
Democratic People's Republic of Korea	Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국 MR: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk	9 September 1948 (1948-09-09)	Workers' Party of Korea	Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism

Multi-party states with governing communist parties

There are multi-party states with communist parties leading the government. Such states are not considered to be communist states because the countries themselves allow for multiple parties and do not provide a constitutional role for their communist parties. Nepal was previously ruled by the Nepal Communist Party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), and the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) between 1994 and 1998 and then again between 2008 and 2018 while states formerly ruled by one or more communist parties include San Marino (1945–1957 and 1978-1990), Moldova (2001–2009), Cyprus (2008–2013), and Guyana (1992–2015).

Nicaragua has been ruled by a socialist party from 1984–1990, and from 2007 on by Daniel Ortega, who is a Sandinista.

Venezuela is currently ruled by Nicolás Maduro, who has been President since 2013 (disputed since 2019). Maduro is the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which is considered far-left and Marxist.^[6]

During the socialist Free Peru party's rule over Peru, many international observers described the party as being somewhat Marxist^[7]^[8]^[9] or even Marxist–Leninist.^[10]^[11]

In 2024, Anura Kumara Dissanayake of the Marxist-Leninist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) was elected President of Sri Lanka, and the JVP's broader coalition, National People's Power won a landslide in parliamentary elections shortly thereafter. This represents the first time a communist party has been the ruling party of Sri Lanka.^[12]

Former communist states

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

     Officially ruling parties in communist states
     Communist parties as ruling parties or part of a governing coalition in multi-party states
     Formerly ruling in a one-party system
     Formerly ruling in a parliamentary majority or minority government
     Formerly ruling as a coalition partner or supporter

The following communist states were socialist states committed to communism. Some were short-lived and preceded the widespread adoption of Marxism–Leninism by most communist states.

Russia
- Chita Republic (1905–1906)
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991)
  - Amur Socialist Soviet Republic (1918)
  - Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924)
  - Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1941)
  - Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
  - Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990)
  - Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
  - Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1924)
  - Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)
  - Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1941; 1944–1945)
  - Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
  - Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1990)
  - Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991)
  - Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1925–1936)
  - Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)
  - Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
  - Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990)
  - Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935–1943; 1957–1991)
  - Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
  - Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991)
  - Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
  - Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
  - North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1993)
  - Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
  - Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1957)
  - Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1961–1992)
  - Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991)
- Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar (1917–1918)
- Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (1918)
- Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic (1919)
- Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)
- Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944)
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Ukraine
- Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (1917–1918)
- Odessa Soviet Republic (1918)
- Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (1918)
- Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic (1919)
- Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
  - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991)
    - Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1940)
    - Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1991–1992)
Finland
- Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918)
- Finnish Democratic Republic (1939–1940).^[13]^[14]^[15]
- Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956)
Germany
- Münster rebellion (1534–1535)^[16]^[17]
- Free Socialist Republic of Germany (1918–1919)^[18]
  - Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council (1918)
  - Bremen Soviet Republic (1919)^[19]
  - Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)^[20]^[21]^[22]
  - Würzburg Soviet Republic (1919)^[23]^[24]
  - People's State of Bavaria (1918–1919)^[25]^[26]
- Ruhr Council Republic (1920)
- Soviet Republic of Stormam (1923)
- Soviet occupation of Germany (1945–1949)
  - Soviet occupation of Berlin (1945–1949)
- German Democratic Republic (1949–1990)^[27]
  - East Berlin (1949–1990)
France
- June Rebellion (1832)
- Communard France (1870–1871)^[28]^[29]
  - Second Paris Commune (1870)^[30]
  - Lyon Commune (1870–1871)^[31]^[32]
  - Third Paris Commune (1871)
- Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic (1918)
Estonia
- Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918–1919)^[33]
- First Soviet occupation of Estonia (1940–1941)^[34]
- Second Soviet occupation of Estonia (1944–1991)
Latvia
- Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia (1917–1918)
- Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920)
- First Soviet occupation of Latvia (1940–1941)
- Second Soviet occupation of Latvia (1944–1991)
Lithuania
- Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)
- Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
- First Soviet occupation of Lithuania (1940–1941)
- Second Soviet occupation of Lithuania (1944–1991)
Belarus
- Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
- Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
Hungary
- Hungarian Soviet Republic (1919)^[35]^[36]
- Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic (1921)
- Soviet occupation of Hungary (1944–1946)
- Second Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)
- Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)
- Revolutionary Workers'-Peasants' Government of Hungary (1956)
Azerbaijan
- Baku Commune (1918)
- Mughan Soviet Republic (1919)
- Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
  - Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
- Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936)
Czechoslovakia
- Slovak Soviet Republic (1919)
- Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia (1944–1948)
- Fourth Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)
- Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990)
  - Czech Socialist Republic (1969–1990)
  - Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)
Tajikistan
- Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
- Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–1991)
Turkmenistan
- Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
- Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
- Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1925–1991)
Uzbekistan
- Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
- Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
- Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)
  - Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1929)
  - Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1932–1991)
Iran
- Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1921)
- Soviet occupation of Iran (1941–1946)
- Azerbaijan People's Government (1945–1946)
- Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947)
Poland
- Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
- Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
- Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
- Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)
Armenia
- Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1991)
- Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936)
Georgia
- Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991)
  - Adjar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1990)
  - Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1931–1996)
- Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936)
Mongolia
- Provisional People's Government of Mongolia (1921–1924)
- Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
China
- Hailufeng Soviet (1927)
- Shanghai Commune (1927)
- Hunan Soviet (1927)
- Guangzhou Commune (1927)
- Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949)
  - Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937)
    - Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934)
- People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934)
- Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation (1935–1936)
- Tibetan People's Republic (1936)
- Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)
- Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945)
- Soviet occupation of Manchuria (1945–1946)
- Sinkiang (1934-1941)
Spain
- Cantonalists (1873-1874)
  - Canton of Cartagena (1873-1874)
  - Canton of Málaga (1873)
  - Valencian Canton (1873)
  - Canton of Alicante (1873)
- Asturian Socialist Republic (1934)
- Sovereign Council of Asturias and León (1936-1937)
- Revolutionary Catalonia (1936–1937)
- Regional Defence Council of Aragon (1936–1937)
Kazakhstan
- Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
Kyrgyzstan
- Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
Romania
- Tatarbunary Revolutionary Committee
- Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (1940)
- Soviet occupation of Romania (1944–1947)
- Romanian People's Republic (1947–1965)
- Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
Moldova
- Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991)
- Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991)
Greece
- Political Committee of National Liberation (1944–1949)
- Provisional Democratic Government (1947–1949)
Albania
- Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946)
- People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
- People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1992)
Bulgaria
- Strandzha Commune (1903)
- Soviet occupation of Bulgaria (1944–1946)
- People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
Norway
- Soviet occupation of Northern Norway (1944–1946)
Denmark
- Soviet occupation of Bornholm (1945–1946)
Japan
- Soviet occupation of the Kuril Islands (1945)
Korea
- Soviet Civil Administration (1945–1946)
- Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947)
- People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948)
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–1992/2009)^{[nb 3]}
Yugoslavia
- Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)
- Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)
  - Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992)
  - Socialist Republic of Croatia (1945–1991)
  - Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1945–1991)
  - Socialist Republic of Montenegro (1945–1992)
  - Socialist Republic of Serbia (1945–1992)
  - Socialist Republic of Slovenia (1945–1991)
Colombia
- Marquetalia Republic (1948–1958)
Vietnam
- Workers' Republic of Vietnam (1945)
  - Saigon Commune (1945)
  - Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả Commune (1945)
- Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931)
- Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1954–1975)
- Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976)
Yemen
- People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1970–1990)
- Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994)
Somalia
- Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991)
Republic of the Congo
- People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1992)
Ethiopia
- Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987)
- People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987–1991)
Mozambique
- People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)
Angola
- People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)
Benin
- People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990)
Cambodia
- Democratic Kampuchea (1976–1979)
- People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)
- State of Cambodia (1989–1992)
- Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1992)
- Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (1994–1998)
Afghanistan
- Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1987)
- Republic of Afghanistan (1987–1992)
Grenada
- People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (1979–1983)^[39]
Burkina Faso
- National Council for the Revolution (1984–1987)
Turkey
- Strandzha Commune (1903)^[40]^[41]
Chile
- Socialist Republic of Chile (1932)
Brazil
- Socialist Republic of Brazil (1935)
Seychelles
- Republic of Seychelles (1977–1991)
Madagascar
- Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–1992)

Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Maquis of Fizi (1967-1986)

Italy
- Labin Republic (1921)
- Republic of Alto Monferrato (1944)
- Republic of Torriglia [it] (1944-1945)
- Republic of Montefiorino [it] (1944-1945)
- Republic of Corniolo [it] (1944)
- Red Republic of Caulonia (1945)
India
- Gram Rajyams of Telangana (1946-1951)
- Punnapra-Vayalar (1946)
- Naxalbari (1967)
- Naxalite Srikakulam (1967–1970)
- Naxalite Bhojpur (1970-2002)
Belgium
- Brussels Soldiers' Council (1918)
Mexico
- Morelos Commune (1911–1920)
- Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities (1994–2023)
Philippines
- People's Government of the Philippines (1942-1951)
- Diliman Commune (1971)
Comoros
- State of the Comoros (1975-1978)
Gambia
- National Revolutionary Council (1981)

Notes

^ Hong Kong and Macau are administrated under the "one country, two systems" principle.
^ Vietnam was divided on 21 July 1954
^ Although the government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism, it is still considered a socialist state. In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea were dropped and replaced with Juche.^[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.^[37] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.^[38]

References

^ "North Korea". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009.
^ ^a ^b Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003). "The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications". Fordham International Law Journal. 27 (4): 1289–1305. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
^ Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009). "Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi" 북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기 [First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean). Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
^ Worden, Robert L. (2008). North Korea: A Country Study (PDF) (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0.
^ "북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용" [Major revisions to North Korea's Workers' Party rules]. Yonhap News Agency. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ "Libro Rojo" [Red Book] (PDF). psuv.org.ve (in Spanish). December 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ "Pedro Castillo: The primary school teacher who became Peru's president". BBC News. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. Casting himself as a man of the people, Mr Castillo was rarely seen without the traditional white, broad-rimmed hat of his Cajamarca region, and a huge inflatable pencil, the symbol of his Marxist Free Peru party which also represents his background in education.
^ "Peru president challenged by his own party over Cabinet". AP News. 14 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "Havana-Trained Marxist Pushes Peru's New President to the Left". Bloomberg. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "Peru's Congress postpones Cabinet confirmation vote to next week". Reuters. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "Peru confirms new moderate-left cabinet". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
^ https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/sri-lanka-election-2024-npp-victory-dissanayake-reforms-tamil-support-parliament-majority-economic-agenda/article68871257.ece
^ Tanner, Väinö (1956). The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 114.
^ Trotter, William (2013). A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940. Algonquin Books. p. 58, 61.
^ Kokoshin, Andrei (1998). Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917–91. MIT Press. p. 93.
^ Tarnas, R. (2006). Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View. Viking. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-670-03292-1. Retrieved 6 February 2023 – via Google Books.
^ Gallardo, P.; Russell, E. (2014). Yesterday's Tomorrows: On Utopia and Dystopia. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4438-5877-9. Retrieved 6 February 2023 – via Google Books.
^ Hoffrogge, Ralf (2014). "Working-Class Politics in the German Revolution". In Müller, Richard (ed.). The Revolutionary Shop Stewards and the Origins of the Council Movement. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-21921-2.
^ Till Schelze-Brandenburg, Till (2008). "Die Bremer Räterepublik" [The Bremen Soviet Republic]. University of Bremen. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008.
^ Hooglund, Eric James (1966). The Munich Soviet Republic of April, 1919. Orono, Maine: University of Maine – via Google Books.
^ Mitchell, Allan (1965). Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-1400878802.
^ Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006). Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics. Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 978-0820486062.
^ Kletzin, Jochen (1978). "Die Würzburger Sozialdemokratie in der Weimarer Republik" [The Würzburg Social Democracy in the Weimar Republic]. In Loew, Hans Werner; Schönhoven, Klaus (eds.). Würzburgs Sozialdemokraten: vom Arbeiterverein zur Sozialdemokratischen Volkspartei [Würzburg's Social Democrats. From the Workers' Association to the Social Democratic People's Party] (in German). Würzburg: Stürtz. pp. 60–64.
^ Stickler, Matthias (2007). "Neuanfang und Kontinuität: Würzburg in der Weimarer Republik." [New Beginnings and Continuity: Würzburg in the Weimar Republic.]. In Wagner, Ulrich (ed.). Geschichte der Stadt Würzburg [History of the City of Würzburg] (in German). Stuttgart: Theiss. pp. 1269 note 18. ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9.
^ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0-14-303469-3.
^ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0-14-303469-3.
^ Major, Patrick; Osmond, Jonathan (2002). The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6289-6.
^ Milza, Pierre (2009). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
^ Rougerie, Jacques (2014). La Commune de 1871. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-062078-5.
^ Gluckstein, Donny (2006). The Paris Commune: A Revolutionary Democracy. Bookmarks. ISBN 978-1-905192-14-4.
^ Archer, Julian P. W. (April 1972). "The Crowd in the Lyon Commune and the Insurrection of La Guillotiere". International Review of Social History. 17 (1): 183–188. doi:10.1017/S0020859000006489. ISSN 0020-8590. JSTOR 44594905.
^ Moissonnier, Maurice (1972). La premiere internationale et la commune a Lyon (1865–1871) [The international premiere and the commune in Lyon (1865–1871)] (in French). Paris: Editions sociales. OCLC 902707001.
^ Arjakas, Küllo; Laur, Mati; Lukas, Tõnis; Mäesalu, Ain (1991). Eesti ajalugu [History of Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Koolibri. p. 261.
^ Attitudes of Major Soviet Nationalities (PDF). Vol. II. The Baltics. Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1973. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ Swanson, John C. (2017). Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8229-8199-2.
^ Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". East European Quarterly. 1 (4): 58. ISSN 0012-8449.
^ Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009). "Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi" 북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기 [First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean). Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
^ Worden, Robert L. (2008). North Korea: A Country Study (PDF) (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0.
^ Layne, Joseph Ewart (2014). We Move Tonight: The Making of the Grenada Revolution. Grenada Revolution Memorial Foundation.
^ Khadzhiev, Georgi (1992). "The Transfiguration Uprising and the 'Strandzha Commune': The First Libertarian Commune in Bulgaria". Nat︠s︡ionalnoto osvobozhdenie i bezvlastnii︠a︡t federalizŭm [National Liberation and Libertarian Federalism] (in Bulgarian). Translated by Firth, Will. Sofia: Artizdat-5. pp. 99–148. OCLC 27030696. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020.
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Bibliography

General

References for when the individuals were elected to the office of CCP leader, the name of the offices and when they established and were abolished are found below.

19th National Congress (2017). Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party. Chinese Communist Party.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Gungwu, Wang (2012). China: Development and Governance. World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-9814425841.

Articles and journal entries

Bui, T. (2016). "Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform" (PDF). Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 11 (2). Cambridge University Press: 219–234. doi:10.1017/asjcl.2016.22.
Chang, Yu-nan (August 1956). "The Chinese Communist State System Under the Constitution of 1954". The Journal of Politics. 18 (3). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Southern Political Science Association: 520–546. doi:10.2307/2127261. JSTOR 2127261. S2CID 154446161.
Guins, George (July 1950). "Law Does not Wither Away in the Soviet Union". The Russian Review. 9 (3). Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review: 187–204. doi:10.2307/125763. JSTOR 125763.
Hand, Keith (2016). "An Assessment of Socialist Constitutional Supervision Models and Prospects for a Constitutional Supervision Committee in China: The Constitution as Commander?". Legal Studies Research Paper Series (150). University of California. SSRN 2624663.
Hazard, John (August 1975). "Soviet Model for Marxian Socialist Constitutions". Cornell Law Review. 60 (6). Cornell University: 109–118.
Imam, Zafar (July–September 1986). "The Theory of the Soviet State Today". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 47 (3). Indian Political Science Association: 382–398. JSTOR 41855253.
Keith, Richard (March 1991). "Chinese Politics and the New Theory of 'Rule of Law'". The China Quarterly. 125 (125). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies: 109–118. doi:10.1017/S0305741000030320. JSTOR 654479. S2CID 154980279.
Kokoshin, Andrey (October 2016). "2015 Military Reform in the People's Republic of China" (PDF). Belfer Center Paper. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
Kramer, Mark N. (January 1985). "Civil-Military Relations in the Warsaw Pact: The East European Component". International Affairs. 61 (1). Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs: 45–66. doi:10.2307/2619779. JSTOR 2619779.
Miller, Alice (January 2018). "The 19th Central Committee Politburo" (PDF). China Leadership Monitor (55). Hoover Institute.
Mulvenon, James (January 2018). "The Cult of Xi and the Rise of the CMC Chairman Responsibility System" (PDF). China Leadership Monitor (55). Hoover Institute.
Poelzer, Greg (1989). An Analysis of Grenada as a Socialist-Oriented State (Thesis). Carleton University.
Skilling, H. Gordon (January 1961). "People's Democracy and the Socialist Revolution: A Case Study in Communist Scholarship. Part I". Soviet Studies. Vol. 12, no. 3. Taylor & Francis. pp. 241–262.
Snyder, Stanley (1987). Soviet Troop Control and the Power Distribution (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. hdl:10945/22490.
National Foreign Assessment Center (1980). Political Control of the Soviet Armed Forces (PDF) (Report). Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2017.
Steiner, Arthur (1951). "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party". The Annals. 277. SAGE Publications in association with the American Academy of Political and Social Science: 56–66. JSTOR 1030252.
Tang, Peter S. H. (February 1980). "The Soviet, Chinese and Albanian Constitutions: Ideological Divergence and Institutionalized Confrontation?". Studies in Soviet Thought. 21 (1). Springer Publishing: 39–58. doi:10.1007/BF00832025. JSTOR 20098938.pdf. S2CID 144486393.
Thayer, Carlyle (2008). "Military Politics in Contemporary Vietnam" (PDF). In Mietzner, Marcus (ed.). The Political Resurgence of the Military in Southeast Asia: Conflict and Leadership. Routledge. ISBN 9780415460354.
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Books

Blasko, Dennis (2006). The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135988777.
Dimitrov, Vessellin (2006). "Bulgaria: A Core Against the Odds". In Dimitrov, Vessellin; Goetz, H. Klaus; Wollmann, Hellmut (eds.). Governing after Communism: Institutions and Policymaking (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 159–203. ISBN 9780742540095.
Ellman, Michael (2014). Socialist Planning (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107427327.
Evans, Daniel (1993). Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780275947637.
Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (1985). "Council of Ministers". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 202–204. ISBN 1349060860.
Furtak, Robert K. (1987). The Political Systems of the Socialist States. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312625276.
Gardner, John; Schöpflin, George; White, Stephen (1987). Communist Political Systems (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education. ISBN 0-333-44108-7.
Harding, Neil (1981). "What Does It Mean to Call a Regime Marxist?". In Szajkowski, Bogdan (ed.). Marxist Governments. Vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 22–33. ISBN 978-0-333-25704-3.
Hazard, John (1985). "Constitutional Law". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 162–163. ISBN 1349060860.
Li, Lin (2017). Building the Rule of Law in China. Elsevier. ISBN 9780128119303.
Loeber, Dietrich Andre (1984). "On the Status of the CPSU within the Soviet Legal System". In Simons, William; White, Stephen (eds.). The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 1–22. ISBN 9789024729753.
Nelson, Daniel (1982). "Communist Legislatures and Communist Politics". In Nelson, Daniel; White, Stephen (eds.). Communist Legislatures in Comparative Perspective. Vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–13. ISBN 1349060860.
Rosser, Barkley; Rosser, Marianne (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262182348.
Staar, Richard (1988). Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe (4th ed.). Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817976934.
Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. ISBN 978-0875484495.
Triska, Jan, ed. (1968). Constitution of the Communist-Party States. Hoover Institution Publications. ISBN 978-0817917012.
Tung, W. L. (2012). The Political Institutions of Modern China (2nd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401034432.
Wilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990. Aldine Transaction. ISBN 9780202362281.

v t e Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government
Forms	Absolute monarchy Autocracy Tsarist Communist state Counterintelligence state Dictatorship Benevolent Constitutional Dictablanda Grassroots Military Proletarian Right-wing Dominant-party system Illiberal democracy Totalitarian Mafia state Managerial state Ochlocracy One-party state Oligarchy Police state Socialist state Theocracy Islamic state Tyranny Majoritarian Soft
Ideologies	Authoritarian conservatism Chiangism Francoism Khomeinism Putinism Ziaism Authoritarian capitalism Pinochetism Authoritarian socialism Marxism–Leninism Stalinism Maoism Juche Caesaropapism Despotism Enlightened Soft Ecoauthoritarianism Fascism Eco Neo Imperialism Nazism Neo Shōwa Statism
See also	Democracy indices Deep state Inverted totalitarianism Left-wing authoritarianism Right-wing authoritarianism Social dominance orientation Statism Strongman List of totalitarian states

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By country

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History

Regional variants

Current and historical
socialist states

Africa

Americas

Asia

Short-lived	Azerbaijan People's Government East Turkestan Far East Fujian Gilan Inner Mongolia Jiangxi Kuwait Kurdish Republic of Mahabad North Korea (1946–1947) North Korea (1947–1948) South Vietnam

Europe

Short-lived	Alsace-Lorraine Banat Baranya–Baja Bavaria 1918–1919 1919 Bessarabia Byelorussia (1919) Bremen Bihać Crimea (1919) Finland 1918 1939–1940 Estonia (1918–1919) Galicia Hungary (1919) Ireland Naissaar Saxony Slovakia (1919) Tarnobrzeg Užice Würzburg Brussels Soldiers' Council

History of socialism

v t e Marxism–Leninism
Concepts	Administrative-command system Aggravation of class struggle under socialism Anti-imperialism Anti-fascism Anti-revisionism Central planning Soviet-type economic planning Commanding heights of the economy Developed socialism Dialectical logic Dialectical materialism Foco Labour aristocracy Marxist–Leninist atheism Partiinost' Popular front Proletarian internationalism Self-criticism Social fascism Socialism in one country Socialist patriotism Soviet Yugoslav Theory of the productive forces Third Period Wars of national liberation
Class system	Dictatorship of the proletariat People's democratic dictatorship People's democratic state National-democratic state Socialist state State of socialist orientation Socialist state of the whole people
Political system	Central committee Civilian control of the military Collective leadership Cult of personality Democratic centralism General Secretary of the Communist Party Highest organ of state power Leading role of the party Politburo Secretariat State Transmission belt Unified power Vanguardism
Variants	Cuban (Castroism Guevarism) Ho Chi Minh Thought Hoxhaism Husakism Juche (Songun Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism Kimjongunism) Kadarism Khrushchevism Maoism (Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Gonzalo Thought Prachanda Path Pantherism (Intercommunalism) New Communism) Kaysone Phomvihane Thought National Pol Potism African (Sankarism Machelism Nkrumaism) Socialism with Chinese characteristics (Dengism Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Xi Jinping Thought) Stalinism American (Bill of Rights socialism Browderism Lovestoneism Marcyism) Titoism (Đilasism Rankovićism) Dubčekism Zachariadism Brezhnevism
People	Joseph Stalin Mao Zedong Ernst Thälmann Khorloogiin Choibalsan Ehmetjan Qasim José Díaz Maurice Thorez Palmiro Togliatti Dolores Ibárruri Ho Chi Minh Võ Nguyên Giáp Earl Browder Nikita Khrushchev Walter Ulbricht Josip Broz Tito Mátyás Rákosi Lazar Kaganovich Georgi Dimitrov Bolesław Bierut Valko Chervenkov Klement Gottwald Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej Enver Hoxha Kaysone Phomvihane Khalid Bakdash Leonid Brezhnev Deng Xiaoping Pol Pot Nikos Zachariadis Che Guevara Fidel Castro Agostinho Neto Mengistu Haile Mariam Kim Il Sung Chin Peng Sanzō Nosaka Nicolae Ceaușescu Gustáv Husák János Kádár Maurice Bishop Erich Honecker Władysław Gomułka Samora Machel Thomas Sankara Mathieu Kérékou Siad Barre Nur Muhammad Taraki Alfonso Cano Pushpa Kamal Dahal Rohana Wijeweera Abimael Guzmán Gus Hall Gennady Zyuganov Xi Jinping
Theoretical works	Foundations of Leninism Dialectical and Historical Materialism The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Britain's Road to Socialism Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR A Critique of Soviet Economics Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism Guerrilla Warfare
History	Soviet Union (1927–1953 1953–1964 1964–1982 1982–1991) Great Break Collectivization in the Soviet Union Industrialization in the Soviet Union Great Purge Spanish Civil War Great Patriotic War Greek Civil War Cold War Eastern Bloc Chinese Communist Revolution China (1949–1976 1976–1989 1989–2002 2002–present) Tito–Stalin split Korean War De-Stalinization Warsaw Pact Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution Non-Aligned Movement Vietnam War Albanian–Soviet split Sino-Soviet split Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Great Leap Forward Portuguese Colonial War Black Power movement Nicaraguan Revolution Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Naxalite insurgency New People's Army rebellion Maoist insurgency in Turkey Sino-Albanian split Internal conflict in Peru Nepalese Civil War Revolutions of 1989
By country	Afghanistan Albania Angola Benin Bulgaria Cambodia (Democratic Kampuchea People's Republic of Kampuchea) China Congo Cuba Czechoslovakia (Czechia Slovakia) East Germany Ethiopia Grenada Hungary Laos Mongolia Mozambique North Korea Poland Romania Somalia Soviet Union (Armenia Azerbaijan Byelarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan) Vietnam Yemen Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia)
Organizations	Albanian Party of Labour Comecon Comintern Chinese Communist Party Communist Party of Brazil Communist Party of Cuba Communist Party of India Communist Party of India (Marxist) Communist Party of Kampuchea Communist Party of the Philippines Communist Party of the Russian Federation Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communist Party of Vietnam Communist Party of Malaya Indochinese Communist Party Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Lao People's Revolutionary Party Nepal Communist Party Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Sandinista National Liberation Front Shining Path (Militarized Communist Party of Peru) Workers' Party of Korea Portuguese Communist Party
Related topics	Bolshevism Leninism Trotskyism
See also	All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Anti-communism (Mass killings) Cold War Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes (Mass killings) Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule Marxist schools of thought National Bolshevism New class Post-Marxism–Leninism Red fascism Red Scare (Second) Second World State capitalism State socialism State ideology of China State ideology of the Soviet Union Third-Worldism Totalitarianism
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