A list of the tallest structures with clocks on their exterior that can be seen from the ground. The list includes various structures with a working clock face or faces on their exteriors. The first type of structure are proper Clock towers which are structures that fulfil the definition of a tower with a clock face or faces on the exterior wall or walls. Possibly the most famous example is the colloquially termed Big Ben. Some structures of this type were originally built as bell towers and had the clocks added later, such as the Springfield Campanille. Some clock towers of this type are freestanding, such as the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, while others are attached to, or on top of, buildings such as the tower on the Philadelphia City Hall. The second set of structures are buildings (rather than towers) that had clock faces on the exterior as part of their original design such as the Wrigley Building. The third set of structures are buildings that have had a clock face or faces added after the original building was constructed such as the Palace of Culture and Science. This division of structures with clock faces follows the general terminology used in related articles and follows Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) criteria.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] For the purposes of comparison and clarity this list includes all structures with clocks and clock faces of the types previously described. The list includes all clock 'tower' structures with a height of at least 40 m (130 ft).
bold | Denotes structure is the tallest of its type (as described below) in the world |
Denotes freestanding clock tower fulfilling the strict definition | |
Denotes clock tower fulfilling the strict definition, either attached to or on top of another structure | |
Denotes structure that was designed as multi-functional structure; this included clock faces | |
Denotes structure where the clock faces were not in the original design but were added after the completion of the structure |
Building | A structure which is at least 50% 'occupiable' and fulfils the CTBUH definition[8] |
---|---|
Tower | A structure which is less than 50% occupiable and fulfils the CTBUH definition[8] |
Freestanding Tower | A tower that is not attached to or located on top of another building – a standalone structure. A category used by CTBUH[9] |
Tower Building | A tower that is located on top of or attached to another building. A category used by CTBUH[10] |
List
Rank | Name | Image | Height | Number of faces | Chiming | Year | Type of structure | Main function | Country | City | Remarks | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abraj Al Bait Towers | 601 m (1,972 ft) | 4 | No | 2012 | Building[11] | Hotel | Saudi Arabia | Mecca | Tallest building with clock faces. The clock faces are the faces highest above the ground on any structure | ||
2 | NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building | 240 m (790 ft) | 4 | No | 2000 (building) 2002 (clocks added) | Building | Offices | Japan | Tokyo | Clock faces are 15 m (49 ft) | [12] | |
3 | Palace of Culture and Science | 230.7 m (757 ft) | 4 | No | 1955 (building) 2000 (clocks added) |
Building | Offices (original) Multi-use (current) | Poland | Warsaw | Building constructed in 1955. Clock faces added in 2000. Clock faces are 6.3 m (21 ft) | [13] | |
4 | Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower | 213.4 m (700 ft) | 4 | No | 1912 | Building | Offices (original) Offices/Hotel (current) | USA | New York | Clock faces are 8 m (26 ft) | [14] | |
5 | Philadelphia City Hall | 167 m (548 ft) | 4 | No | 1901 | Tower Building | Offices | USA | Philadelphia | Clock faces are 7.9 m (26 ft) | [10] | |
6 | Mercantile National Bank Building | 159.4 m (523 ft) | 4 | No | 1943 | Building | Offices (original) Offices/Residential (current) | USA | Dallas | Building completed in 1942. Addition of clock tower 1943 | [15][16][17] | |
7 | Custom House Tower | 151 m (495 ft) | 1 | No | 1916 | Building | Offices (original) Hotel (current) |
USA | Boston | Clock faces 6.7 m (22 ft) Due to the installation of an undersized motor, the clock failed to work properly through much of the 20th century |
[18] | |
8 | Wrigley Building | 133.5 m (438 ft) | 1 | No | 1922 | Building | Offices | USA | Chicago | The clock faces are 5.97 m (19.6 ft) | [19] | |
9 | St. Michael's Church tower | 132 m (433 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1911 | Tower building | Religious | Germany | Hamburg | Largest clock faces in Germany at 8 m (26 ft) | [20] | |
9 | St. Peter's Church tower | 132 m (433 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1878 | Tower building | Religious | Germany | Hamburg | Previous 127.5 m (418 ft) m tall tower from 1516 to 1842 | [21] | |
11 | Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp) | 123 m (404 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1521 (clocks added in C18) | Tower Building | Religious | Belgium | Antwerp | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [22][23][24] | |
12 | Central do Brasil | 122 m (400 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1943 | Building | Railway Station | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | Clock faces are 20 m (66 ft) tall | [25] | |
13 | Moscow State University | 118 m (387 ft) | 4 | No | 1953 | Building | Education | Russia | Moscow | University has one central tower (no clock face) and four ancillary towers upon which one clock face and a barometer and thermometer are located. The height given is for the ancillary towers. The main building is 239 m (784 ft). Clock faces are 9 m (30 ft) | [26][27] | |
14 | Mortegliano bell tower | 113.2 m (371 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1959 | Tower Building | Religious | Italy | Mortegliano | Tallest bell tower in Italy | [28][29] | |
15 | Torrazzo of Cremona | 112.5 m (369 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1309 | Tower building | Religious | Italy | Cremona | Clock face is 8.2 m (27 ft) | [30][31] | |
16 | Hamburg City Hall | 112 m (367 ft) | 3 | No | 1897 | Building | Government | Germany | Hamburg | [32] | ||
17 | Milwaukee City Hall | 107.6 m (353 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1895 | Building | Government | USA | Milwaukee | Clock face is 5.5 m (18 ft) | [33][34] | |
18 | Copenhagen City Hall | 105.6 m (346 ft) | 4 | No | 1905 | Tower Building | Government | Denmark | Copenhagen | Houses Jens Olsen's World Clock | [35] | |
19 | Minneapolis City Hall | 105 m (344 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1906 | Tower-Building | Clock Tower/Government | USA | Minneapolis | Largest four face chiming clock in the world. Clock faces are 7.2 m (24 ft). | [36] | |
20 | Lille City Hall Belfry | 104 m (341 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1932 | Tower Building | Government | France | Lille | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [37] | |
21 | Old City Hall | 103.6 m (340 ft) | 1 | No | 1899 | Tower Building | Clock Tower/Government | Canada | Toronto | Clock face is 6 m (20 ft) | [38] | |
22 | Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower | 100 m (330 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1908 | Freestanding Tower | Clock & bell tower | United Kingdom | Birmingham | Tallest freestanding clock tower in the world. Clock faces are 5.25 m (17.2 ft). | [9] | |
23 | Munich Frauenkirche | 98.5 m (323 ft) | 3 (each tower) | Yes | 1488 | Tower Building (Twin Towers) | Religious | Germany | Munich | Domes added in 1524 | [39] | |
24 | Royal Liver Building | 98.2 m (322 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1911 | Building | Offices | United Kingdom | Liverpool | Clocks faces on two towers 7.6 m (25 ft) diameter. Building part of the World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City | [40] | |
25 | Elizabeth Tower | 96 m (315 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1859 | Tower Building | Clock Tower/Government | United Kingdom | London | Clock faces are 7 m (23 ft). Commonly known as 'Big Ben', although this is the name of the largest chiming bell. Part of the Palace of Westminster UNESCO World Heritage site. | [41] | |
26 | Lecco bell tower | 96 m (315 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1904 | Tower Building | Religious | Italy | Lecco | [42] | ||
27 | The Tower of Palazzo Vecchio | 95 m (312 ft) | 1 | No | 14th C | Tower Building | Government | Italy | Florence | [43] | ||
28 | University of Texas Tower | 93.6 m (307 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1937 | Building | Education | USA | Austin, Texas | [44] | ||
29 | Sather Tower | 93.5 m (307 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1914 | Freestanding Tower | Bell Tower (original) Clock & Bell Tower (current) |
USA | Berkeley | Clock was added in 1926. With the addition of the clock now the second tallest freestanding clock tower in the world | [45] | |
30 | Lendinara bell tower | 92.5 m (303 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1857 | Tower building | Religious | Italy | Lendinara | [46] | ||
31 | Peace Tower | 92.2 m (302 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1920 | Tower Building | Clock Tower/Government | Canada | Ottawa | Clock faces are 4.8 m (16 ft). Built to commemorate Canadians who lost their lives in World War I | [47] | |
32 | Brisbane City Hall | 92 m (302 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1930 | Tower Building | Government | Australia | Brisbane | Clock faces are 4.9 m (16 ft) | [48] | |
32 | Torre del Popolo | 92 m (302 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1838 | Tower building | Clock tower | Italy | Palazzolo sull'Oglio | [49] | ||
34 | Springfield Campanille | 91.44 m (300.0 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1913 | Freestanding Tower | Bell Tower (original) Clock & Bell Tower (current) | USA | Springfield, Massachusetts | Currently not open to the public. With the addition of the clock now the third tallest freestanding clock tower in the world | [50] | |
35 | Belfry of Ghent | 91 m (299 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1543 | Tower Building | Clock Tower/Belfry | Belgium | Ghent | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [51][52][53] | |
36 | St Lambert's Church, Münster | 90.5 m (297 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1890 | Tower Building | Religious | Germany | Münster | older clock tower with cupola from 1500 | ||
37 | Breganze bell tower | 90 m (300 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1893 | Tower building | Religious | Italy | Breganze | [54] | ||
38 | Misr Spinning and Weaving Company Clock Tower | 90 m (300 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1947 | Freestanding Tower | Clock & bell tower | Egypt | El Mahalla El Kubra | 4th tallest freestanding clock tower. Clock faces are 5.2 m (17 ft) | [55] | |
39 | Emerson Tower | 88.1 m (289 ft) | 4 | No | 1911 | Building | Offices | USA | Baltimore | Clock faces are 7.3 m (24 ft). The largest four dial gravity clock in the world | [56] | |
40 | Torre del Mangia | 87 m (285 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1349 | Tower building | Government | Italy | Siena | [57] | ||
41 | Belfry of Mons | 87 m (285 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1672 | Freestanding Tower | Clock & Belfry Tower | Belgium | Mons | 5th tallest freestanding clock tower. Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [58] | |
42 | Central Railway Station | 85.6 m (281 ft) | 4 | No | 1921 | Tower Building | Railway Station | Australia | Sydney | Clock faces are 4.77 m (15.6 ft) | [59] | |
43 | Rajabai Clock Tower | 85.3 m (280 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1878 | Freestanding Tower | Clock tower | India | Mumbai | 6th tallest freestanding clock tower in the world. A UNESCO World Heritage site | [60] | |
44 | Allen-Bradley Clock Tower | 85.3 m (280 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1963 | Tower Building | Clock Tower | USA | Milwaukee | Clock faces are 12.25 m (40.2 ft) | [61] | |
45 | Manchester Town Hall | 85.3 m (280 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1877 | Tower Building | Government | United Kingdom | Manchester | Tallest town hall clock tower in UK. The clock faces are 4.8 m (15.7 ft) | [62][63] | |
46 | Belfry of Bruges | 83 m (272 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1822 | Tower Building | Government | Belgium | Bruges | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [64] | |
46 | Castellanza bell tower | 83 m (272 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1932 | Tower building | Religious | Italy | Castellanza | [65][circular reference] | ||
48 | Vancouver Block | 80.7 m (265 ft) | 4 | No | 1912 | Building | Commercial | Canada | Vancouver | Clock faces 6.7 m (22 ft). Faces are illuminated at night | [66][67] | |
49 | Helsinki Cathedral | 80 m (260 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1852 | Building | Religious | Finland | Helsinki | Clock added after building completion | [68] | |
50 | New Town Hall (Munich) | 79.25 m (260.0 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1908 | Tower Building | Government | Germany | Munich | Houses the Rathaus Glockenspiel which includes 43 bells and 32 animatronic figures | [60] | |
51 | St Pancras railway station | 76 m (249 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1868 | Tower Building | Railway Station | United Kingdom | London | [69] | ||
52 | Calais Town Hall | 75 m (246 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1925 | Tower Building | Government | France | Calais | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [70] | |
53 | Arras Town Hall | 75 m (246 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1554 | Tower Building | Government | France | Arras | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site.. Destroyed in WW1 and rebuilt 1924–1932 | [71] | |
54 | Siemensstadt | 75 m (246 ft) | 4 | No | 1909 | Tower Building | Commercial | Germany | Berlin | Clock faces are 7 m (23 ft) | [72] | |
55 | San Francisco Ferry Building | 74.7 m (245 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1898 | Building | Ferry Terminal | USA | San Francisco | Clock faces are 6.7 m (22 ft) Clock tower houses a private penthouse residence | [73][74] | |
55 | Waterbury Union Station | 74.7 m (245 ft) | 4 | No | 1909 | Tower Building | Railway Station | USA | Waterbury | [75] | ||
57 | Central Library of Catholic University of Leuven | 73.5 m (241 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1928 | Tower Building | Education | Belgium | Leuven | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Rebuilt after WW2 | [76] | |
58 | Salt Lake City and County Building | 73 m (240 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1894 | Tower Building | Government | USA | Salt Lake City | [77][78] | ||
59 | Spasskaya Tower | 71 m (233 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1851 | Tower Building | Clock Tower | Russia | Moscow | The clock faces are 6.12 m (20.1 ft) | [79] | |
60 | Ypres Cloth Hall | 70 m (230 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1304 Rebuilt 1933–1967 | Tower Building | Commercial (original) | Belgium | Ypres | Belfry originally a watchtower. Clocks added later. Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [80][81] | |
61 | Charleroi City Hall Belfry | 70 m (230 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1936 | Tower Building | Government | Belgium | Charleroi | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [82] | |
62 | Leeds Town Hall | 69 m (226 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1858 | Tower Building | Government | United Kingdom | Leeds | [83] | ||
63 | Husainabad Clock Tower | 67 m (220 ft) | 4 | No | 1881 | Free standing tower | Clock tower | India | Lucknow | 7th tallest freestanding clock tower. The clock faces are 3.95 m (13.0 ft) | [84] | |
64 | Gare de Lyon | 67 m (220 ft) | 4 | No | 1902 | Tower building | Railway Station | France | Paris | [85] | ||
65 | Limoges-Bénédictins railway station | 67 m (220 ft) | 4 | No | 1929 | Tower Building | Railway Station | France | Limoges | Clock face is 4 m (13 ft) | [86][87] | |
66 | Oslo City Hall | 63 m (207 ft)[citation needed] | 1 | Yes | 1950 | Building | Government | Norway | Oslo | Tower with clock on it is known as Oslo Rådhus 2. Clock face is 8.6 m (28 ft). Building hosts the Nobel Peace Prize each year | [88] | |
67 | Palace of the Province | 62.5 m (205 ft) | 4 | No | 1935 | Tower Building | Government | Italy | Bari | [89] | ||
68 | Messina astronomical clock | 61 m (200 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1933 (clock) 1929 (tower)[90] | Tower Building | Clock Tower | Italy | Messina | The clock faces are 2.4 m (7.9 ft) | [91][92] | |
69 | Bolton Town Hall | 60.35 m (198.0 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1873 | Tower Building | Government | United Kingdom | Bolton | The clock faces are 3.65 m (12.0 ft) | [93] | |
70 | Belfry of Thuin | 60 m (200 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1641 | Freestanding Tower | Belfry | Belgium | Thuin | 8th tallest freestanding clock tower. Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [94] | |
71 | Shell Mex House | 58 m (190 ft) | 1 | No | 1930 | Building | Offices | United Kingdom | London | Largest clock face in UK at 7.62 m (25.0 ft) | ||
72 | Parkinson Building | 57 m (187 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1951 | Tower Building | Education | United Kingdom | Leeds | [95] | ||
73 | Indianapolis Union Station | 56.4 m (185 ft) | 4 | No | 1888 | Tower Building | Railway Station | USA | Indianapolis | [96] | ||
74 | Old Arts Building Clock Tower | 54 m (177 ft) | 1 | No | 1926 | Tower Building | Education | New Zealand | Auckland | [97] | ||
75 | McGraw Tower | 52.7 m (173 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1891 | Building | Education | USA | Ithaca | Originally constructed as a library. Now houses a museum and the Cornell Chimes | [98] | |
76 | University of Santo Tomas Main Building | 51.5 m (169 ft) | 4 | No | 1927 | Tower Building | Education | Philippines | Manila | [99] | ||
77 | UC Riverside Bell Tower | 49.1 m (161 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1966 | Freestanding Tower | Education | USA | Riverside | 1 of 40 Grand Carillons in the United States. 9th tallest freestanding clock tower | [100][101] | |
78 | Purdue Bell Tower | 48.8 m (160 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1995 | Freestanding Tower | Education | USA | West Lafayette, Indiana | 10th tallest freestanding clock tower | [102] | |
79 | Helsinki Central Station | 48.5 m (159 ft) | 4 | No | 1914 | Tower Building | Railway Station | Finland | Helsinki | [103][104] | ||
80 | Montreal Clock Tower | 45 m (148 ft) | 4 | No | 1922 | Freestanding Tower | Clock Tower | Canada | Montreal | 11th tallest freestanding clock tower. Clock faces are 3.6 m (12 ft) | [105] | |
81 | Portland Union Station | 45 m (148 ft) | 4 | No | 1896 | Tower Building | Railway Station | USA | Portland | [106] | ||
82 | Aalst Belfry | 47 m (154 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1460 | Tower Building | Government | Belgium | Aalst | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [107] | |
83 | Clock Tower, Hong Kong | 44 m (144 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1915 | Freestanding Tower | Railway Station (former) | China | Hong Kong | 12th tallest freestanding clock tower. Clock tower formerly part of railway terminus now a freestanding tower | [108][109] | |
84 | Albert Memorial Clock Tower | 43 m (141 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1869 | Freestanding Tower | Clock Tower | United Kingdom | Belfast | Height disputed in sources between 43 m (141 ft) and 34.5 m (113 ft)[110] If the greater height 13th tallest freestanding clock tower | [111] | |
85 | Chennai Central railway station | 41.5 m (136 ft) | 1 | No | 18?? | Tower Building | Railway station | India | Chennai | [112] | ||
86 | Sultan Abdul Samad Building | 41 m (135 ft) | 1 | No | 1897 | Tower Building | Offices | Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | [113] | ||
87 | Guildhall, Kingston upon Hull | 41 m (135 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1914 | Tower Building | Government | United Kingdom | Hull | |||
88 | City Hall and Belfry | 40.3 m (132 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1377 | Tower Building | Government | Belgium | Dendermonde | Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [114] | |
89 | Belfry of Saint Éloi | 40 m (130 ft) | 4 | Yes | C15 | Freestanding Tower | Belfry | France | Dunkirk | Originally the western tower of the Church Saint Éloi separated by a street in 18th century. 14th tallest freestanding clock tower. Part of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage site. | [115][116] | |
90 | Ripon Building | 40 m (130 ft) | 1 | No | 1913 | Tower Building | Government | India | Chennai | [117] | ||
91 | Mint Tower | 40 m (130 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1487 | Freestanding Tower | Clock & Bell Tower | Netherlands | Amsterdam | 15th tallest freestanding clock tower. Formerly part of the medieval city walls | [118] | |
92 | Metz-Ville station | 40 m (130 ft) | 4 | No | 1908 | Tower Building | Railway station | France | Metz | [119] | ||
93 | Stephen's Tower | 40 m (130 ft) | 4 | No | 1899 | Tower | Clock Tower | Romania | Baia Mare | [120] |
See also
References
- ^ "Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat". www.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "Elizabeth Tower facts". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "The Campanile - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "Philadelphia City Hall - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "Wrigley Building - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "Palace of Culture and Science - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ a b "Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat". www.ctbuh.org. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
- ^ a b "Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ a b "Philadelphia City Hall - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "Makkah Royal Clock Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "NTT DoCoMo Yoyogi Building - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "Palace of Culture and Science - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "Metropolitan Life Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "Mercantile Building - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "Mercantile Place on Main - History of the Mercantile Tower, Dallas, Texas". daviesla.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
- ^ "Dallas Landmark Commission Landmark Nomination Form" (PDF). 2012-09-24. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
- ^ "Marriott's Custom House - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "Wrigley Building - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "St. Michaelis - The "Michel" Hamburg | Hamburg Tourismus". www.hamburg-travel.com. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
- ^ "Hauptkirche St. Petri". www.sankt-petri.de. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
- ^ "gothic timeline". De Kathedraal. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "gothic world heritage". De Kathedraal. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "gothic tower". De Kathedraal. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "The 10 Tallest University Clock Towers - Best College Reviews". www.bestcollegereviews.org. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
- ^ "MV Lomonosov State University - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ Cfr. Il nostro campanile, Udine, Arti Grafiche Friulane, 1959; Pietro Zanini, Il campanile di Mortegliano, Udine, Arti Grafiche Friulane, 1960, p. 33.
- ^ "Campanile di Mortegliano" (in Italian).
- ^ Official Document of the Research conducted by the Politecnico di Milano Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Museo Verticale" (in Italian).
- ^ "City Hall virtual tour". www.hamburgische-buergerschaft.de. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
- ^ "Milwaukee City Hall - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "Basic Facts About City Hall". city.milwaukee.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
- ^ "Rådhustårnets ur / City Hall Tower Clock - Copenhagen, Denmark - Town Clocks on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Municipal Building Commission :: Building History, Facts, & Photos". municipalbuildingcommission.org. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
- ^ "L'HÔTEL DE VILLE ET SON BEFFROI | Lille - Office de Tourisme et des Congrès". en.lilletourism.com. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Old City Hall - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ muenchen.de. "So schön ist Münchens Frauenkirche". muenchen.de (in German). Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Royal Liver Building - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "The Clock Dials". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
- ^ "Saliamo sul Campanile." (in Italian).
- ^ "The Tower of Palazzo Vecchio". museicivicifiorentini.comune.fi.it. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
- ^ "University of Texas Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "The Campanile (Sather Tower) at UC Berkeley". Visit Berkeley. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "LA TORRE CAMPANARIA DI SANTA SOFIA" (in Italian).
- ^ "Parliament Hill Tour - The History of Parliament Hill". 2008-12-04. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "City Hall clock tower". www.brisbane.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "Torre del Popolo" (in Italian). 12 February 2019.
- ^ "The Campanile - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "Home". Belfort Gent. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "The Ghent Belfry" (PDF). 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
- ^ "Belfry of Ghent: What you need to know before your visit". CosmopoliClan. 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Campanile di Breganze" (in Italian).
- ^ "صور.. ساعة المحلة التاريخية "بج بن" مصر.. أسسها الإنجليز عام 1947 وما زالت تعمل وتغطى المدينة من 4 اتجاهات.. ارتفاعها 90 مترا وتضم 5 أجراس يزن أكبرهم 5 أطنان.. وتعمل ببطاريات أوتوماتيك حال انقطاع الكهرباء - اليوم السابع". www.youm7.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ "Emerson Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "Torre del Mangia" (in Italian).
- ^ "Beffroi de Mons - Musée - Mons". www.visitmons.be (in French). Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "History - Sydney Trains". 2013-08-10. Archived from the original on 2013-08-10. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
- ^ a b Stamp, Elizabeth (6 September 2019). "The 10 Most Iconic Clock Towers in the World". Architectural Digest. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "Allen-Bradley Clock Tower". Encyclopedia of Milwaukee. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "The building | History of Manchester Town Hall | Manchester City Council". secure.manchester.gov.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ Abbit, Beth (2015-06-11). "Manchester town hall clock tours: Stunning pictures give you a glimpse of view from city's famous landmark". men. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "Belfort (Belfry & Carillon)". Musea Brugge. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "San Giulio, Castellanza".
- ^ "Vancouver Block - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ "Vancouver Block, Vancouver | 113300 | EMPORIS". Emporis. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "History". helsingintuomiokirkko.fi. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ Gerard Peet. "The Origin of the Skyscraper" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-07-02.
- ^ "Calais Town Hall".
- ^ "Arras France Tourism Guide » Arras' bell tower and the Town Hall". Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ Toon (5 June 2014). "Grootste klok ter wereld. | Maakeenstijd.nl" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "Ferry Building: San Francisco, California". American Planning Association. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ Graff, Amy; SFGATE (2016-04-17). "A penthouse in San Francisco's historic Clock Tower goes on the market". SFGate. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ "Great Railroad Stations - Waterbury, CT". www.trainweb.org. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "University Library". Retrieved 2020-06-30.
- ^ "Salt Lake City and County Building Steeple - Unique Steeples on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
- ^ "HABS No. UT-104 Photographs, Written Historical and Descriptive Data" (PDF). 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
- ^ "Saviour Tower in the Moscow Kremlin". www.moscow.info. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "The Cloth Hall of the city of Ypres, Ieper in Belgium and Flanders. Flanders Fields. Lakenhalle Ieper". 2006-05-13. Archived from the original on 2006-05-13. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "The Cloth Hall (Lakenhalle) in Ieper (Ypres), Belgium". www.greatwar.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "The belfry". CM Tourisme. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
- ^ "TOWN HALL, Leeds - 1255772 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Lucknow's historic Hussainabad clock tower, others waiting to catch up with time". Hindustan Times. 2017-05-28. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "What makes the public clocks of Paris popular?". French Moments. 2016-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
- ^ "Famous clock towers around the world". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
- ^ "Historique de la Gare des Bénédictins". 2006-08-12. Archived from the original on 2006-08-12. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
- ^ "Oslo Rådhus 2 - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ "Sfarzoso, imponente, panoramico e simbolico: è il Palazzo della Provincia di Bari" (in Italian). 2019-03-18.
- ^ "The Cathedral of Messina | MessinArte soc. coop". Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "The faces of the clock | MessinArte soc. coop". Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "Messina's Unique Bell TowerItalianNotebook". www.italiannotebook.com. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "Bolton Town Hall - a short history of a tall building". boltonsmayors.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "Belfry of Thuin". CM Tourisme. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
- ^ "Parkinson Tower's hidden secrets - the history of the bells and its current residents". Estates and Facilities. 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "RetroIndy: Union Station was hub of railroad activity". indystar.com. 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ Council, Auckland. "The University of Auckland heritage trail". Auckland Council. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ "About | Cornell Chimes". chimes.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ "The 10 Tallest University Clock Towers - Best College Reviews". www.bestcollegereviews.org. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
- ^ "The Bell Tower by the Numbers". UCR Magazine. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
- ^ "A brighter sound for the carillon". Inside UCR. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
- ^ "Purdue Bell Tower - Engineering Intranet". engineering.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
- ^ "✅ Helsinki Central Station - Data, Photos & Plans". WikiArquitectura. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ Glancey, Jonathan. "Ten of the world's most beautiful railway stations". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Clock tower". Old Port of Montréal. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "Historic Union Station - Portland, Oregon". splintercat.org. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Belfort van Aalst, Aalst | 249154 | EMPORIS". Emporis. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - Kowloon". Antiquities and Monuments Office. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ "Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower celebrates centenary of its Bell (with photos)". www.info.gov.hk. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
- ^ "Albert Memorial Clock, Ulster". www.victorianweb.org. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
- ^ "Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast". discovernorthernireland.com. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
- ^ Anjana (22 March 2017). "8 Heritage Buildings and Structures to Visit in Chennai". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ Bedford, Sam (19 July 2018). "The 10 Most Beautiful Clock Towers in Malaysia". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ "Town Hall and Belfry". Toerisme stad Dendermonde (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-06-30.
- ^ "Beffroi de Saint-Eloi - Dunkerque Flandre Côte d'Opale". www.dunkirk-tourism.com. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Dunkirk | History, Geography, & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "The Ripon Building". Chennai Tourist Centre. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
- ^ Nigel (2014-11-13). "Munttoren Amsterdam". Amsterdam for Visitors. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ "Famous clock towers around the world". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
- ^ "Turnul Ștefan din Baia Mare, 700 de ani de istorie". www.digi24.ro (in Romanian). 16 August 2016. Retrieved 2021-02-28.