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This is a list of wars and armed conflicts involving Russia and its predecessors in chronological order, from the 9th to the 21st century.
The Russian military and troops of its predecessor states in Russia took part in a large number of wars and armed clashes in various parts of the world: starting from the princely squads, opposing the raids of nomads, and fighting for the expansion of the territory of Kievan Rus'. Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus', the emergence of the Principality of Moscow and then the centralized Russian state saw a period of significant territorial growth of the state centred in Moscow and then St. Petersburg during the 15th to 20th centuries, marked by wars of conquest in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, the world wars of the early 20th century, the proxy wars of the Cold War, and today.
The list includes:
- external wars
- foreign intervention in domestic conflicts
- anti-colonial uprisings of the peoples conquered during the Russian expansion
- princely feuds
- peasant uprisings
- revolutions
Legend of results:
Victory
Defeat
Another result; for example, a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, indecisive, civil or internal conflict, or result unknown
Ongoing conflict
Kievan Rus'
| Date | Conflict | Location | Rus and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 830s | Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ | Rus' Khaganate |  Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[a] | |
| 860 | Siege of Constantinople (860) | Rus' Khaganate | Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[a] | |
| 907 | Rus'–Byzantine War (907) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[1] | |
| 920–1036 | Rus'–Pecheneg campaigns | Kievan Rus' | Pechenegs | Various results; eventually victory | |
| 941 | Rus'–Byzantine War (941) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat | |
| 944/945 | Rus'-Byzantine War (944/945) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Victory[2] | |
| 964–965 | Sviatoslav's campaign against Khazars | Kievan Rus' | Khazar Khaganate | Victory
| |
| 967/968–971 | Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat | |
| 981 | Vladimir the Great's campaign on Cherven Cities | Kievan Rus' |  Duchy of Poland
|
Victory | |
| 985 | Vladimir the Great's campaign against Volga Bulgaria | Kievan Rus' | Volga Bulgaria | Military victory, then agreement | |
| 987 | Rus'–Byzantine War (987) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Military victory and agreement
| |
| 1022 | Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest | Kievan Rus' | Duchy of Poland
|
Defeat | |
| 1024 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1024) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat | |
| 1030 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against Chud | Kievan Rus' | Chud | Victory
| |
| 1030–1031 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign on Cherven Cities | Kievan Rus' | Duchy of Poland
|
Victory | |
| 1042–1228 | Finnish–Novgorodian wars | Kievan Rus' (until 1136) | Baltic Finnic peoples of Fennoscandia (Yem people) | Various results, mostly victories
| |
| 1043 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1043) | Kievan Rus' | Byzantine Empire
|
Defeat | |
| 1055–1223 | Rus'–Cuman campaigns | Kievan Rus' | Cumans | Various results, mostly victories | |
| 1061 | Sosols raid against Pskov | Kievan Rus' | Sosols | Defeat
| |
| 1132–1445 | Swedish–Novgorodian Wars | Kievan Rus' (until 1136) |  Kingdom of Sweden
|
Stalemate after the Black Death | |
| 1147 | Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians | Bolesław IV the CurlyKievan Rus'
|
Old Prussians | Victory | |
| 1203–1234 | Campaigns of Rus princes against the Order of the Sword (see also Livonian Crusade) |  Livonian Brothers of the Sword
|
Defeat | ||
| 1223–1240 | Mongol invasion of Rus'(see also List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus') | Mongol Empire | Decisive defeat
| ||
| 1240–1242 | Livonian campaign against Rus' (see also Northern Crusades) | Kievan Rus' | Victory
| ||
| 1245 | Alexandr Nevsky Lithuanian campaign | Kievan Rus' | Grand Duchy of Lithuania | Victory | |
| 1268 | Battle of Wesenberg |  Denmark
|
Both sides claim victory |
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Principality of Moscow (1263–1547)
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Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
| Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1552 | Siege of Kazan | Tatarstan |  Russia
|
 Khanate of Kazan
|
Victory
| |
| 1552–1556 | Tatar Rebellion | Tatarstan | Russia
|
Tatar rebels | Victory
| |
| 1554–1557 | Ivan the Terrible's Swedish War | Karelia | Russia
|
 Sweden
|
Inconclusive | |
| 1556 | Russian conquest of Astrakhan | Astrakhan | Russia
|
Astrakhan Khanate | Victory
| |
| 1558–1562 | Ivan the Terrible's Livonian Campaign | Livonia | Russia
|
 Livonian Confederation
|
Victory
| |
| 1562–1570 | Russo-Lithuanian War | Northern Europe | Russia
|
Polish–Lithuanian union | Victory | |
| 1558–1583 | Livonian War | Northern Europe | Defeat | |||
| 1568–1570 | Astrakhan Expedition | Astrakhan and Azov | Russia
|
Victory
| ||
| 1570–1572 | Ivan the Terrible's Crimean War | European Russia | Russia
|
.svg){kind=icon} Crimean Khanate
|
Victory
| |
| 1580–1762 | Russian conquest of Siberia | Siberia | Russia
|
Khanate of Sibir (until 1598)
Native Siberians |
Victory
| |
| 1590–1595 | Boris Godunov's Swedish War | Northern Europe | Russia
|
 Sweden
|
Inconclusive
| |
| 1605–1618 | Polish invasions of Russia | Russia |  Poland–Lithuania
|
Defeat | ||
| 1606–1607 | Bolotnikov Rebellion | Russia | Russia
|
Rebels under Ivan Bolotnikov | Victory
| |
| 1610–1617 | Ingrian War | Russia | Russia
|
Sweden
|
Defeat | |
| 1632–1634 | Smolensk War | Smolensk | Russia
|
 Poland–Lithuania
|
Defeat | |
| 1651–1653 | Alexis I's Persian War | North Caucasus | Russia
|
 Persia
|
Defeat | |
| 1652–1689 | Sino–Russian border conflicts | Heilongjiang and Amur | Defeat | |||
| 1654–1667 | First Northern War | Eastern Europe | Russia
|
Victory | ||
| 1656–1658 | Second Northern War | Northern Europe | Russia
|
Sweden
|
Inconclusive | |
| 1662–1664 | First Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan | Russia
|
Bashkir rebels | Inconclusive; political defeat
| |
| 1665–1720 | Dzungar–Russian conflicts | Southern Siberia | Tsardom of Russia
|
 Dzungar Khanate
|
Defeat | |
| 1665–1667 | Dzungar conquest of Yenisei | Yenisei, Siberia | Tsardom of Russia Altan Khanate |
Dzungar Khanate
|
Defeat | |
| 1670–1671 | Razin's Rebellion | Russia | Russia
|
Cossacks under Stepan Razin | Victory
| |
| 1676–1681 | Feodor III's Turkish War | Ukraine | Russia
|
Indecisive[20] | ||
| 1683–1700 | Great Turkish War | Eastern Europe |
|
Victory
| ||
| 1700–1721 | Great Northern War | Europe |
|
|
Victory against Sweden | |
| Defeat by Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| 1704–1711 | Third Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan and Tatarstan | Russia
|
Bashkir rebels | Military victory, political defeat
| |
| 1707–1708 | Bulavin Rebellion | Southern Russia | Russia
|
 Don Cossack rebels
|
Victory
| |
| 1716 | Buccholz's expedition | Irtysh, Kazakhstan | Tsardom of Russia
|
Dzungar Khanate
|
Defeat | |
| 1717 | Peter the Great's Khivan War | Khanate of Khiva | Russia
|
 Khanate of Khiva
|
Defeat
| |
| 1719–1720 | Likharev's expedition | Lake Zaysan, Kazakhstan | Tsardom of Russia
|
Dzungar Khanate
|
Defeat |
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Russian Empire (1721–1917)
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Russian Republic (1917)
| Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1917 | October Revolution | Russia | Russia
|
Revolution succeeds
|
Russian SFSR (1917–1922)
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Russia and the Soviet Union (1916–1934)
| Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1916–1934 |
Central Asian Revolt |
|
Supported by:
|
Soviet-Afghan victory
|
Soviet Union (1922–1991)
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Russian Federation (1991–present)
| Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result for Russia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1991–1993 |
 Pro-Shevardnadze forces
Supported by:  Russia
|
Supported by: |
Pro-Shevardnadzist victory
| ||
| 1991–1992 | South Ossetian War |
|
South Ossetian victory, see aftermath
| ||
| 1992[41]–1993[42][j] | War in Abkhazia | Abkhazia, Western Georgia |
|
Russian and Abkhaz victory[44]
| |
| 1990–1992 | Transnistria War | Transnistria, Moldova |
 / Moldova[l]Supported by: Romania[48]
|
Russian–Transnistrian victory
| |
| 1992–1997 | Tajikistani Civil War |
|
|
Armistice | |
| 1994–1996 | First Chechen War | Chechnya and parts of Ingushetia, Stavropol Krai and Dagestan |
|
Defeat[57]
| |
| 1999[58][59] | War of Dagestan | Dagestan, Russia |
|
Russian victory | |
| 1999–2009 | Second Chechen War |
North Caucasus, mainly Chechnya, Dagestan and Ingushetia |
|
|
Russian victory
|
| 2008 | Russo-Georgian War | Georgia | Russia
|
Russian, South Ossetian and Abkhaz victory
| |
| 2014–present | Russo-Ukrainian War |
Ukraine, Russia, and Black Sea (spillover into Romania,[68] Poland, Moldova, and Belarus) |
Supplied by: |
|
Ongoing
|
| 2015–2024 | Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War |
Syria |
Russia Iran Syrian Arab RepublicHumanitarian support:  Armenia[75][76] Syrian Democratic Forces (2016[77][78][79]–2017[80][81])
|
 Islamic State
|
Syrian opposition victory[94][95]
|
| 2018–present | Central African Republic Civil War |
Central African Republic |
|
 Coalition of Patriots for Change (since 2020)
 MPC PRNC CMSPR (since 2024)[107]
Defunct groups: |
Ongoing
|
| 2021–present[110] | Mali War | Mali | Ongoing | ||
| 2024–present | Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso | Burkina Faso |
Supported by: |
|
Ongoing |
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See also
- Armed Forces of the Russian Federation – Military forces of the Russian Federation
- History of Russia
- Military history of Russia
- List of wars – Overview of and topical guide to war (Category:Lists of wars)
- List of wars between Russia and Sweden
- List of wars involving Armenia
- List of wars involving Azerbaijan
- List of wars involving Belarus
- List of wars involving Estonia
- List of wars involving Finland
- List of wars and battles involving Galicia–Volhynia
- List of wars involving Georgia (country)
- List of wars involving Kazakhstan
- List of wars involving Kyrgyzstan
- List of wars involving Latvia
- List of wars involving Lithuania
- List of wars involving Moldova
- List of wars involving the Novgorod Republic
- List of wars involving Poland
- List of wars involving Tajikistan
- List of wars involving Turkey
- List of wars involving Ukraine
- List of wars involving Uzbekistan
Notes
- ^ a b The veracity of this conflict is in doubt.
- ^ The title 'Grand Prince of Vladimir' was mostly titular by the early 14th century.
- ^ a b c d 1917–1918
- ^ a b c 1918–1920
- ^ a b c d e f 1918
- ^ a b 1919
- ^ 1918–19
- ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
- ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
- ^ Ceasefire agreement was signed on 1 December 1993,[43] although fighting continued during 1994.
- ^ See Russia's role in the conflict section for more details
- ^ Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova until 23 May 1991. Constituent republic of the Soviet Union until 27 August 1991.
- ^ South Ossetia's status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is recognised by only a few other countries. The Georgian government and most of the world's other states consider South Ossetia de jure a part of Georgia's territory.
- ^ The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Georgia in 1992, Abkhazia is formally recognised as an independent state by 5 UN member states (two other states previously recognised it but then withdrew their recognition), while the remainder of the international community recognizes it as de jure Georgian territory. Georgia continues to claim the area as its own territory, designating it as Russian-occupied territory.
- ^ a b The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic were Russian puppet states that declared their independence from Ukraine in May 2014. In 2022, they received international recognition from each other, Russia, Syria and North Korea, and some other partially recognised states. On 30 September 2022, Russia declared that it had formally annexed both entities. They continue to exist as republics of Russia.[citation needed]
- ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion[70][71][72] and to launch missiles into Ukraine.[73]
- ^ Despite Mahamat al-Khatim's November 2023 announcement to leave CPC,[105] some members of the group chose to stay in the coalition.[106]
References
- ^ Janet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. p. 115
- ^ Vilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen (2010). The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 25
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martin 2007, pp. 191–192.
- ^ Martin 2007, p. 192.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martin 2007, p. 191.
- ^ Martin 2007, p. 190.
- ^ a b Ostrowski 1993, p. 89.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 73.
- ^ Gorskii, Anton (2001). "К вопросу о составе русского войска на Куликовом поле" (PDF). Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики. 6: 1–9.
- ^ a b Halperin 1987, p. 74.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 74–75.
- ^ Shaikhutdinov 2021, p. 106.
- ^ a b c Alef 1983, p. Abstract i.
- ^ Alef 1983, p. 11.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 76.
- ^ Гумилев 2023, p. 310.
- ^ a b c Halperin 1987, p. 70.
- ^ a b c Martin 1995, p. 318.
- ^ Виталий 2020, p. 331.
- ^ David R. Stone (2006). A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood. p. 41.
- ^ Legvold, Robert (2007). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past. Columbia University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-231-51217-6.
- ^ Cecil, Hugh; Liddle, Peter (1998). At the Eleventh Hour: Reflections, Hopes and Anxieties at the Closing of the Great War, 1918. Pen and Sword Books. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-78383-992-6.
- ^ Jonathan D. Smele (2015). "Don Cossack Host". Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. p. 335. ISBN 9781442252813.
- ^ Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 15, Nr 4, 1985, pp. 46–48. Accessed January 24, 2016.
- ^ cf. Jamie Bisher, White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian, Routledge 2006, ISBN 1135765952, p.378, footnote 28
- ^ Thomas & Boltowsky (2019), p. 23.
- ^ Per Finsted. "Boganmeldelse: For Dannebrogs Ære - Danske frivillige i Estlands og Letlands frihedskamp 1919 af Niels Jensen". chakoten.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
- ^ Spence, The Search for Modern China, p. 329
- ^ Major, John S. (1990). The land and people of Mongolia. Harper and Row. p. 119. ISBN 0-397-32386-7.
in 1919, a Japanese influenced faction in the Chinese government mounted an invasion of Outer Mongolia and forced its leaders to sign a "request" to be taken over by the government of China. Japan's aim was to protect its own economic, political, and military interests in North China be keeping the Russian Revolution from influencing Mongolia.
- ^ In union with him and Bey Madamin counter-revolutionary robber bands from July 10, 1919, to January 1920.
- ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener. p. 12. ISBN 9781558761551.
- ^ Saqqawists had fought only in northern Afghanistan.
- ^ a b c "Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Conflict and War :: Soviet Aggression". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ^ Kuisong p.29
- ^ Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 596. ISBN 9781851098422.
- ^ "The War: Lebanon and Syria". Dover.idf.il. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
- ^ Borer, Douglas A. (1999). Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared. London: Cass. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7146-4851-4.
- ^ a b "Militia Tightens Rule over Ex-Soviet State". Washington Post. 19 January 1992. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
- ^ "Gamsakhurdia Loyalists Continue Fight". Los Angeles Times. 20 January 1992. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
- ^ "JPRS Report; Central Eurasia; Military Affairs" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. 21 October 1992.
- ^ "Rebels take control of Abkhazia". Deseret News. 1 October 1993. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
- ^ "Georgians, Separatists Sign Ceasefire, Peace Accord". News & Record. 1 December 1993. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
- ^ Amos Chapple (23 August 2017). "Twenty-Five Years On From the Start of the Abkhaz War". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
- ^ De La Pedraja, René (2018). The Russian Military Resurgence: Post-Soviet Decline and Rebuilding, 1992–2018. McFarland. pp. 93–94. ISBN 9781476634494.
This response was too much for the commander of the 14th Army General Yuri Netkachev, who ordered Russian troops to drive out the Moldovan forces. The 14th Army had always supported the separatists since the very beginning, but this direct support was the first open participation in combat. ... The participation of the 14th Army was indispensable for the victory of the separatists, ... Moldovan forces were concentrated in a forest near Bender, and Lebed decided to stop their advance by relying on his powerful artillery. At 0300 on 3 July massive barrages rained down on the unsuspecting Moldovans ...
- ^ de Waal, Thomas (2018). Uncertain Ground: Engaging with Europe's De Facto States and Breakaway Territories (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 39.
Neither side had a proper military force. The intervention of the Russian Fourteenth Army and its commander General Alexander Lebed on behalf of the Transdniestrians was decisive.
- ^ Kosienkowski, Marcin; Schreiber, William (8 May 2012). Moldova: Arena of International Influences. Lexington. ISBN 9780739173923. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ https://www.aesgs.ro/romania-rusia-si-geopolitica-conflictului-transnistrean/
- ^ "Tajikistan: President Meets With Popular Front Commanders". Radio Liberty Archives. 9 July 1997. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ "Американцы боятся белорусских танков. Белоруссия американских санкций не боится" [Americans are afraid of Belarusian tanks. Belarus is not afraid of American sanctions]. Lenta.ru (in Russian). 1 March 2002. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
- ^ Jonson, Lena (25 August 2006). Tajikistan in the New Central Asia. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781845112936. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Inside Al Qaeda: global network of terror, by Rohan Gunaratna, pg. 169
- ^ "Iran dismisses Tajik civil war claims as attempt to damage ties". Reuters. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- ^ "A Thaw Between Tajikistan and Iran, But Challenges Remain". Jamestown. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
Fearing a continuity of Soviet-era policies, Iran supported the Islamic and nationalist opposition during the civil war.
- ^ Abdulfattoh, Shafiev (February 2016). "Iran and Tajikistan: A Story of Love and Hate" (PDF). Central Asia Policy Brief. 34.
At the end of 1992, Tajikistan entered into a bloody civil war. Tehran gave refuge and support to the leaders of the Democratic-Islamic coalition of the Tajik opposition, and was therefore considered to be a pro-Islamic actor. However, it also contributed a critical role in helping peace discussions: Tehran hosted several rounds of the Tajik peace negotiations in 1994, 1995, and 1997, bringing both sides to the discussion table. President Rahmon paid an official visit to Tehran in 1995 and opened an embassy there. But seen from Dushanbe, Moscow was a more reliable ally than Tehran, and any kind of pan-Persian nationalism was rapidly shut down by the authorities.
- ^ Ahmad, Majidyar. "Tajikistan Accuses Iran of Sponsoring Terrorism, Restricts Iranian Organizations' Activities". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
Tajikistan has accused Iran of having played a subversive role in the country's civil war in the 1990s by sending terrorists to the Central Asian republic, the latest sign of deteriorating relations between the two countries.
- ^ "Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya". Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ^ Alexander Pashin (2002). "Russian Army Operations and Weaponry During Second Military Campaign in Chechnya". Moscow Defense Brief. No. #3. Mdb.cast.ru. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ Oleg Lukin (2008). "Новейшая история: Российско-чеченские войны". Vestnik "Mostok" (in Russian). Vestnikmostok.ru. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ "Turkish Volunteers in Chechnya". The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
- ^ The Chechens: A Handbook, p. 237, at Google Books
- ^ Politics of Conflict: A Survey, p. 68, at Google Books
- ^ Energy and Security in the Caucasus, p. 66, at Google Books
- ^ Cooley, John K. (2002). Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism (3rd ed.). London: Pluto Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-7453-1917-9.
A Turkish Fascist youth group, the "Grey Wolves," was recruited to fight with the Chechens.
- ^ Goltz, Thomas (2003). Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-312-26874-9.
I called a well-informed diplomat pal and arranged to meet him at a bar favored by the pan-Turkic crowd known as the Gray Wolves, who were said to be actively supporting the Chechens with men and arms.
...the Azerbaijani Gray Wolf leader, Iskander, Hamidov... - ^ Isingor, Ali (6 September 2000). "Istanbul: Gateway to a holy war". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014.
- ^ "Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev". The Kremlin. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008.
- ^ Rainsford, Sarah (6 September 2023). "Ukraine war: Romania reveals Russian drone parts hit its territory". Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). "North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say". The Guardian. United Kingdom. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders". Kyiv: CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Why is Belarus admitting Wagner leader and backing Russia against Ukraine?". BBC. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2025.
- ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus". BBC News. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (17 March 2024). "Five Takeaways From Putin's Orchestrated Win in Russia". The New York Times.
- ^ "Understanding Armenia's Syrian Gamble". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
- ^ "Armenia sends military deminers and medics to support Russian mission in Syria". EurasiaNet. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ "Russian support for PKK's Syrian arm PYD". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Kurds attack Turkish-backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help". i24 News. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ "YPG advances near Turkey's border". Rudaw Media Network. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ "Syrian Kurds seize territory from IS with US, Russian support". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ "SDF units coordinating efforts in Syria with Russia despite cooperation with U.S. – PYD". theregion.org. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
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