Louisville Ridge
The Louisville Ridge stretches diagonally across this bathymetric map of the southwest Pacific Ocean.
Summit area	length:4,300 km (2,700 mi)
Location
Location	Southwest Pacific Ocean
Coordinates	38°16′S 167°55′W / 38.27°S 167.92°W / -38.27; -167.92
Geology
Type	Seamount chain
Volcanic arc/chain	Louisville hotspot
History
Discovery date	1972[1] (1964)[2]

The Louisville Ridge, often now referred to as the Louisville Seamount Chain,^[3] is an underwater chain of over 70 seamounts located in the Southwest portion of the Pacific Ocean. As one of the longest seamount chains on Earth it stretches some 4,300 km (2,700 mi)^[4] from the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge northwest to the Tonga-Kermadec Trench, where it subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate as part of the Pacific Plate. The chains formation is best explained by movement of the Pacific Plate over the Louisville hotspot^[5] although others had suggested by leakage of magma from the shallow mantle up through the Eltanin fracture zone, which it follows closely for some of its course.^[6]

Depth-sounding data first revealed existence consistent with a seamount chain in 1972^[1] although some of the seamounts had been assigned as a ridge in 1964 linked to the Eltanin fracture zone system, hence the name.^[2]

Louisville
  Seamounts

Wishbone
scarp

West
Wishbone 
scarp  

East
Wish-
bone
scarp

West
Wishbone 
scarp    

Tonga Trench

Osbourn Trough

 Kermadec
Trench

Hikurangi
Plateau

Chatham Rise

Immediate geological relationships of the chain of the Louisville seamounts. The violet line is the very deep trenches of the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone with its arc volcanoes to the top left. Blue represents ocean depths of a kilometer or so and brown shades are shallower. The black line delineates the East Chatham Rise part of Zealandia continental crust.

The oldest volcanic rocks of the chain come from Osbourn Seamount at 78.8 ± 1.3 Ma^[7] and ages become younger in a non linear fashion towards the south east with a youngest age of 1.1 Ma.^[2][8]

Composition studies of the erupted dominantly alkali basalt^[9] are consistent with a single Louisville mantle source distinct from other hotspots and the composition has remained homogeneous over at least the last 70 million years.^[2] In the past 25 million years magma upwelling rates may have decreased.^[2] There is almost certainly a deep plume origin to the hotspot.^[10]

The Louisville hotspot chain passes through the western and eastern branches of the Wishbone scarp and while the seamounts show no compositional change as they cross the scarps,^[2] the East Wishbone scarp crossing point is associated with a distinct decrease in the volume of the younger seamount eruptives from that point east into the Pacific Plate.^[2]

Volcanic hotspot chains are used to suggest the net movements of tectonic plates and so in the case of the large Pacific Plate validation of models of its movement and indeed the hot spot hypothesis itself relies on data from several hot spot chains. As well as the Louisville hotspot there is data over tens of millions of years available from the movements of the Hawaii hotspot and the Arago hotspot. While the model of Pacific Plate movement, including bends in the hotspot track can be made to fit very well^[11] there has been long debate on timing of such bends as mismatchs of a few million years appeared to exist.^[9]

The area of subduction of the Louisville chain into the Tonga Trench is associated with a relative seismic gap beneath the Tonga forearc.^[12] This implies that the subduction of the volcanoes compared to normal sediment has a significant impact in terms of normal relief of stress but it is unclear if the subducted volcanoes relieve it as suggested by some^[13] or say increase potential for sudden release. Further a postulated historic change in trend of the subducted Louisville chain compared to present is backed up by compositional analysis of more recent arc volcanism as the volcanics from the Louisville chain are recycled.^[14] A bathymetric high c. 2 km (1.2 mi) north-west of the Osbourn Seamount has been interpreted as the currently subducting portion of the Louisville chain, but this continuation is not aligned with the existent chain.^[15]

Some of the seamounts are known coral reef stoney habitats, with typical species including the coral Solenosmilia variabilis, brisingid starfishes (Order Brisingida), and sea-lilies and feather stars (Class Crinoidea).^[16] They can be a fishery resource for species such as the orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) that can be fished by bottom trawling.^[16]

The Louisville Ridge includes the following:

• Louisville hotspot
• Hollister Ridge
• Hotspot (geology)
• Zealandia

Sources

• Expedition 330 - Louisville Seamount Trail, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 13 December 2010 to 11 February 2011
• The Louisville Ridge – Tonga Trench collision: Implications for subduction zone dynamics, RV Sonne Research Expedition SO215 Cruise Report, 25 April 2011 to 11 June 2011