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Rubia - Wikipedia

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(Redirected from Madder)

Rubia

Rubia tinctorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Rubiaceae
Subfamily:	Rubioideae
Tribe:	Rubieae
Genus:	Rubia L.
Type species
Rubia tinctorum L.

Rubia is the type genus of the Rubiaceae family of flowering plants, which also contains coffea (coffee). It contains around 80 species of perennial scrambling or climbing herbs and subshrubs native to the Old World.^[1]

The genus and its best-known species are commonly known as madder, e.g. Rubia tinctorum (common madder), Rubia peregrina (wild madder), and Rubia cordifolia (Indian madder).^[2]

Uses

Rubia was an economically important source of a red pigment in many regions of Asia, Europe and Africa.^[3] The genus name Rubia derives from the Latin ruber meaning "red".

The plant's roots contain an anthracene compound called alizarin that gives its red colour to a textile dye known as Rose madder. It was also used as a colourant, especially for paint, that is referred to as Madder lake. The synthesis of alizarin greatly reduced demand for the natural compound.^[4]

In Georgia, Rubia is used for dying Easter eggs in red.

History

Several species, such as Rubia tinctorum in Europe, Rubia cordifolia in India, and Rubia argyi in East Asia, were extensively cultivated from antiquity until the mid nineteenth century for red dye, commonly called madder. Cloth dyed with it has been found on Egyptian mummies. It was the ereuthedanon (ἐρευθέδανον) used for dyeing the cloaks of the Libyan women in the days of Herodotus.^[5] It is the erythrodanon (ἐρυθρόδανον) of Pedanius Dioscorides, who wrote of its cultivation in Caria,^[6] and of Hippocrates,^[7] and the Rubia of Pliny.^[8] R. tinctorum was extensively cultivated in south Europe, France, where it is called garance, and the Netherlands, and to a small extent in the United States. Large quantities were imported into England from Smyrna, Trieste, Livorno, etc. The cultivation, however, decreased after alizarin was made artificially.^[9]

Madder was employed medicinally in ancient civilizations and in the Middle Ages. In his Natural History, Pliny described it as a diuretic and is capable of treating jaundice and lichen planus.^[8] John Gerard, in 1597, wrote of it as having been cultivated in many gardens in his day, and describes its many supposed virtues,^[10] but any pharmacological or therapeutic action which madder may possess is unrecognizable. Its most remarkable physiological effect was found to be that of colouring red the bones of animals fed upon it, as also the claws and beaks of birds. This appears to be due to the chemical affinity of calcium phosphate for the colouring matter.^[11] This property was used to enable physiologists to ascertain the manner in which bones develop, and the functions of the various types of cell found in growing bone.^[9]

Species

Rubia agostinhoi Dans. & P.Silva
Rubia aitchisonii Deb & Malick
Rubia alaica Pachom.
Rubia alata Wall.
Rubia albicaulis Boiss.
Rubia angustisissima Wall. ex G.Don
Rubia argyi (H.Lév. & Vaniot) Hara ex Lauener
Rubia atropurpurea Decne.
Rubia balearica (Willk.) Porta
Rubia caramanica Bornm.
Rubia charifolia Wall. ex G.Don
Rubia chinensis Regel & Maack
Rubia chitralensis Ehrend.
Rubia clematidifolia Blume ex Decne.
Rubia cordifolia L.
Rubia crassipes Collett & Hemsl.
Rubia cretacea Pojark.
Rubia danaensis Danin
Rubia davisiana Ehrend.
Rubia deserticola Pojark.
Rubia discolor Turcz.
Rubia dolichophylla Schrenk
Rubia edgeworthii Hook.f.
Rubia falciformis H.S.Lo
Rubia filiformis F.C.How ex H.S.Lo
Rubia florida Boiss.
Rubia fruticosa Aiton
Rubia garrettii Craib
Rubia gedrosiaca Bornm.
Rubia haematantha Ary Shaw
Rubia hexaphylla (Makino) Makino
Rubia himalayensis Klotzsch
Rubia hispidicaulis D.G.Long
Rubia horrida (Thunb.) Puff
Rubia infundibularis Hemsl. & Lace
Rubia jesoensis (Miq.) Miyabe & Kudo
Rubia komarovii Pojark.
Rubia krascheninnikovii Pojark.
Rubia laevissima Tschern.
Rubia latipetala H.S.Lo
Rubia laurae (Holmboe) Airy Shaw
Rubia laxiflora Gontsch.
Rubia linii J.M.Chao
Rubia magna P.G.Xiao
Rubia mandersii Collett & Hemsl.
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming
Rubia maymanensis Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.
Rubia membranacea Diels
Rubia oncotricha Hand.-Mazz.
Rubia oppositifolia Griff.
Rubia ovatifolia Z.Ying Zhang ex Q.Lin
Rubia pallida Diels
Rubia pauciflora Boiss.
Rubia pavlovii Bajtenov & Myrz.
Rubia peregrina L.
Rubia petiolaris DC.
Rubia philippinensis Elmer
Rubia podantha Diels
Rubia polyphlebia H.S.Lo
Rubia pterygocaulis H.S.Lo
Rubia rechingeri Ehrend.
Rubia regelii Pojark.
Rubia rezniczenkoana Litv.
Rubia rigidifolia Pojark.
Rubia rotundifolia Banks & Sol.
Rubia salicifolia H.S.Lo
Rubia schugnanica B.Fedtsch. ex Pojark.
Rubia schumanniana E.Pritz.
Rubia siamensis Craib
Rubia sikkimensis Kurz
Rubia sylvatica (Maxim.) Nakai
Rubia tatarica (Trevir.) F.Schmidt
Rubia tenuifolia d'Urv.
Rubia tenuissima ined.
Rubia thunbergii DC.
Rubia tibetica Hook.f.
Rubia tinctorum L.
Rubia transcaucasica Grossh.
Rubia trichocarpa H.S.Lo
Rubia truppeliana Loes.
Rubia wallichiana Decne.
Rubia yunnanensis Diels

References

^ "Rubia in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae". Retrieved April 2, 2014.
^ Cannon J, Cannon M (2002). Dye Plants and Dyeing (2 ed.). A & C Black. pp. 76–80. ISBN 978-0-7136-6374-7.
^ St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. pp. 152–153. ISBN 9781473630819. OCLC 936144129.
^ "Material Name: madder". material record. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. November 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
^ Herod. iv. 189 ^{[full citation needed]}
^ Dioscorides iii. 160 ^{[full citation needed]}
^ Hippocrates, De morb. mul. i. ^{[full citation needed]}
^ ^a ^b Pliny. The Natural History. Vol. 24. pp. 236–238.
^ ^a ^b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Madder". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 280.
^ Herball, p. 960 ^{[full citation needed]}
^ Pereira, Mat. Med., vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 52 ^{[full citation needed]}

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rubia.

Wikispecies has information related to Rubia.

Rubia in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

v t e Dyeing
Techniques	Batik Dyeing Ikat Kasuri Kalamkari Katazome Leheria Mordant Reactive dye printing Resist Ring dyeing Rōketsuzome Shibori Tie-dye Tsutsugaki Yūzen
Types of dyes	Dyes Natural Acid Reactive Solvent Substantive Sulfur Vat Disperse Discharge Pigment
Traditional textile dyes	Armenian cochineal Black walnut Bloodroot Brazilin Cochineal Cudbear Cutch Dyewoods Fustic Gamboge Dyer's broom Henna Indigo Kermes Logwood Madder Polish cochineal Saffron Turmeric Tyrian purple Weld Woad
History	Use of saffron Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands
Craft dyes	Dylon Inkodye Procion Rit
Reference	Glossary of dyeing terms List of dyes

v t e Rugs and carpets
Rugs	Arabian Afghan Alcaraz Azerbaijani Absheron Aghajly Arraiolos Arran Borchaly Caucasian Chul Demirchilar Ganja Gasimushaghi Jek Karabakh Kilim Quba Shabalyt-Buta Shedde Bessarabian Braided Catalogne Chobi Dhurrie Flokati Kashmiri Lilihan Mughal Navajo Oriental Pakistani Petate Persian Abadeh Ahar Arak Ardabil Bakhtiari Bakshaish Bidjar Borujerd Gabbeh Heriz Isfahan Jozan Karadagh Kashan Kashmar Kerman Kilim Kurdish Mashhad Nain Qom Sarouk Seraband Shahsevan rug Shiraz Tabriz Varamin Zanjan Rya Scandinavian Seychour Tibetan Turkmen Uzbek Uzbek Julkhyr Uzbek Napramach Yürük
Carpets	Arabian Armenian Axminster Bellini Berber Bergama Bessarabian Bradford Caucasian Chiprovtsi Crivelli Ersari Fitted Gabbeh Hereke Karabakh Konya Holbein Lilihan Lotto Memling Milas Persian Pirot Quba Sarouk Swedish Turkish Ushak Yomut
People	James F. Ballard Sir Francis Crossley Kurt Erdmann Arthur T. Gregorian Arshag Karagheusian Latif Karimov Julius Lessing William Morris George H. Myers Arthur Upham Pope Alois Riegl Friedrich Sarre Wilhelm von Bode Thomas Whitty Charles T. Yerkes
Places	Azerbaijan Carpet Museum Carpet Museum of Iran Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah Brukenthal National Museum Kidderminster Louvre Mevlana Museum Metropolitan Museum of Art Miho Museum Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest) Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna Museum of Islamic Art, Doha Museo Poldi Pezzoli Museum of Textiles (Lyon) Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin Saint Louis Art Museum Textile Museum (George Washington University) Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum Turkmen Carpet Museum Victoria and Albert Museum Wilton
Cleaning	Carpet cleaning Dry carpet cleaning Floorcloth Hot water extraction Truckmount carpet cleaner Vacuum cleaner
Fabrics	Frieze Jajim Shag Soumak
Manufacture and installation	Ghiordes and Senneh knots Knot density Pile Rubia Rug hooking Rug making Tack strip Underlay Warp and weft
Dyes	Natural dye Synthetic dye Madder (Rubia tinctorum) Indigofera tinctoria Carmine Cochineal Armenian cochineal Polish cochineal Dyes in Uzbekistan
Manufacturers	Axminster Carpets Brintons Cormar Carpets Dilmaghani DOBAG Carpet Initiative A & M Karagheusian Savonnerie manufactory Ziegler & Co.
Carpets in culture	Eagle rug Early Anatolian animal carpets Gul Kilim motifs Elibelinde Evil eye Tree of life Magic carpet Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting Pictorial carpet Prayer rug Red carpet Transylvanian rugs War rugs
Notable individual carpets	Ardabil Carpet Armenian Orphan Rug Badding Rug Bahar-e Kasra Coronation Carpet

Taxon identifiers

Rubia

Wikidata: Q162108
Wikispecies: Rubia
APDB: 194511
APNI: 83814
BioLib: 40624
CoL: 8W37Z
EoL: 29700
EPPO: 1RBIG
FNA: 128835
FoC: 128835
GBIF: 2892184
GRIN: 10572
iNaturalist: 82852
IPNI: 30021224-2
IRMNG: 1058249
ITIS: 35144
NBN: NHMSYS0000462566
NCBI: 25473
NZOR: e0bce533-376a-4f44-82e5-205719397bc8
Open Tree of Life: 322051
PLANTS: RUBIA
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:35277-1
Tropicos: 40027489
WFO: wfo-4000033575

Categories:

Hidden categories:

Uses

History

Species

References

Further reading

External links