Methamphetamine in Bangladesh

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Methamphetamine in Bangladesh - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Methamphetamine in Bangladesh is an illegal substance that is often consumed in the form of Yaba. Yaba is a drug made by combining methamphetamine and caffeine. They are sold as colorful pills.^[1] There are three forms of Yaba in Bangladesh, they are R-7, Controller, and Champa.^[2]

History

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Myanmar is believed to be the main origin point of Yaba in South-East Asia and the Mekong region including in Bangladesh. Drug gangs in Myanmar shifted from Heroin to Methamphetamine manufacturing in the late 1990s. Bangladesh shares a 250 kilometres (160 mi) border with Myanmar.^[1]^[3] Cooperation between Border Guards Bangladesh and Myanmar Border Guard Police is limited, according to Border Guards Bangladesh the Border Guard Police do not receive nine out of ten of their calls.^[4] The majority of drugs entered Bangladesh through the border at Teknaf.^[5] The Usage of Yaba started to become popular in Bangladesh from 2006.^[6] In 2010, law enforcement seized 84 thousand yaba pills in Bangladesh, which rose to 29.5 million pills seized in 2016.^[7]

Bangladesh government officials estimated that the trade in Yaba was worth US$3 billion in 2016.^[8] According to the Department of Narcotic Control the main consumers of the drugs are students.^[2] According to the Director General of the Narcotics Control Board, Md Jamal Uddin Ahmed, there are 7 million drug addicts in Bangladesh of whom 5 million are addicted to Yaba.^[9] The trade in Yaba increased during the Rohingya refugee crises, the influx of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar also increases the influx of Yaba into Bangladesh. Yaba bought in Myanmar for 40 cents a pill can be sold for 3-4 dollars in Dhaka, Bangladesh.^[10] In May 2018, Bangladesh launched a massive anti-narcotics crackdown that was modeled on the Philippines drug crackdown in which more than 211^[11] people were killed in shootouts with law enforcement.^[12]^[13] Security services Arrested hundreds of suspects in a span of few days.^[14] The crackdown has been criticised by Human Rights Watch and The Daily Star for alleged extrajudicial killings and human rights abuses by law enforcement.^[13]^[15]

Legislation

The Department of Narcotic Control is the main government agency responsible for the regulation of drugs in Bangladesh. According to the Department of Narcotic Control, the government of Bangladesh maintains 12 drug rehabilitation centres.^[1] The Narcotics Control Act 2019 is one of the laws that regulate narcotics in Bangladesh.^[4] In 2017, Bangladesh banned the import of pseudoephedrine, a component of cold medicine that is used to manufacture amphetamines.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Thompson, Nathan A. "Yaba addiction: The dark side of Bangladesh's increasing affluence". CNN. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ ^a ^b "Yaba addiction rises 30%". Dhaka Tribune. 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ "From parties to residences: How yaba is spreading like wildfire". Dhaka Tribune. 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ ^a ^b "Yaba drug crisis in Bangladesh out of control". Dawn. 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ "Listed Teknaf drug peddlers not in scene for now". The Independent. Dhaka. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
^ "Yaba, the 'Madness Drug', Is Finding New Routes Into Bangladesh | VICE News". VICE News. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
^ "Inside Bangladesh's methamphetamine problem". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ "Bangladesh cricket player in police custody for possessing yaba drug". Hindustan Times. 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ "Bangladesh has 7 million drug addicts, 'over half of them are addicted to yaba'". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ "Bangladesh sees meth boom amid Rohingya crisis". Dhaka Tribune. 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ "New frontline in Asia's crackdown on drugs". Reuters. 2018-08-13. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
^ "Bangladesh Launches a Deadly Narcotics Crackdown". Time. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ ^a ^b Bengali, Shashank. "Asia's newest drug war leaves more than 90 people dead in less than two weeks". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
^ "Anti-narcotics Drive: 75 held in capital's Jatrabari, Mirpur". The Daily Star. 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ "A war that might not go anywhere". The Daily Star. 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
^ Quadir, Serajul. "Bangladesh to ban cold pill chemical to fight meth surge". U.S. Retrieved 2018-05-30.

Methamphetamine

Enantiomers

Neuropharmacology

Biomolecular targets	TAAR1 (agonist) σ1R (agonist) σ2R (agonist) α_2A adrenoceptor (agonist) α_2B adrenoceptor (agonist) α_2C adrenoceptor (agonist) MAO (competitive inhibitor)
Inhibited transporters	DAT NET SERT VMAT1 VMAT2 EAAT1 EAAT2 SLC22A3 SLC22A5

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